Glossary

Symbols

$STDIN

A system-defined file name that refers to the standard input device used to initiate a session or job; usually a terminal keyboard, card reader, or tape drive.

$STDLIST

A system-defined file name indicating the standard job or session listing file corresponding to the particular input device being used. The listing device is usually a printer for batch jobs and a terminal for sessions.

A

abort

A procedure that terminates a program or session if an irrecoverable error, mistake, or malfunction occurs.

access

The process of obtaining data from files or acquiring the use of a device. Access implies an input/output (I/O) operation, and is used as a synonym for I/O.

access port (AP)

The port located in the channel I/O (CIO) section of the system card cage that provides a user support interface for issuing hard and soft resets through software commands from the console. It allows a remote console to be enabled and to switch between console and session modes.

account

A collection of users and groups. Each account has a unique name on the system. It is the method used to organize a system's users and files and to allocate use of system resources such as central processor time, online connect time, and file space. Accounts are the principal billing entity for the use of these resources. Every user must specify an account to access the system.

account level security

The types of file access assigned by the system manager to the account when it is created. The types of access are READ, LOCK, APPEND, WRITE, and EXECUTE, abbreviated R, L, A, W, and X respectively. They may be assigned to any user (ANY), members of the account only (AC), or members of the group only (GU). The types of file access permitted are the first level of system security. The account manager may further restrict groups and users within an account by assigning them a limited set of file access modes.

account librarian capability (AL capability)

A capability assigned by the account manager to a user within the account. An account librarian is allowed special file access modes to maintain specified files within the account.

account manager capability (AM capability)

A capability assigned by the system manager to one user within each account who is then responsible for establishing users and groups.

account member

A person who has been granted access to the system through the use of a valid user name within an account. Account members are created by the account manager, who defines the user name and assigns the appropriate capabilities and security restrictions for the user.

account structure

The method of providing organization, security, and billing for the system. It is used to allocate use of system resources such as central processor time, online connect time, and file space. The account is the principal billing entity for the use of system resources.

alpha character

A character in the range of A through Z (or a through z).

alphanumeric character

A character in the range of A through Z, a through z, or 0 through 9.

alternate boot path

The path used for booting the system from a boot tape.

application

A set of computer instructions or programs that guide the computer through a specific task or set of tasks. Examples of applications include spreadsheets, word processing programs, graphics, database management, and communications.

application program

A set of computer instructions that guides the computer through a specific set of tasks. Applications include spreadsheets, word processing, graphics, database management, and data communication programs.

architecture

1) The unique set of machine instructions, registers, and other components that provide the conceptual basis of a computer.
2) In networking, a structured modular network design in which different data communications tasks are assigned to different layers or levels.

attribute

File access codes and special capabilities that enable the computer to determine what functions it will or will not allow a user, group, or account to perform.

autoboot

The process of automatically starting the system.

automatic restart

Main memory battery backup to automatically restart the system after a power failure. Temporary power line interruptions can be tolerated with no data loss and without needing to restart the system.

B

backup

The process that duplicates computer data to offline media, such as magnetic tape. Backups protect data if a system problem should occur.

batch access capability (BA Capability)

A default capability assigned to accounts and users that allows users to submit batch jobs.

battery backup unit

A box within the SPU that contains a battery to supply power to main memory during a power failure.

boot

The process of loading, initializing, and running an operating system.

boot path

The pointers to the set of files that are used to bring up the system from disk or tape. The primary boot path is used for booting the system from disk resident software. The alternate boot path is used for booting the system from a boot tape. The console boot path is used to determine if the system can autoboot without operator intervention.

boot tape

A tape created by backing up the system configuration with the system generator (SYSGEN) utility program that is used to reload the system configuration. Also referred to as a system load tape. Equivalent to MPE V/E coldload tape.

C

capability

A method for determining what commands account members are allowed to execute. Capabilities are assigned to accounts, groups, and users to provide system security and access to the operating system. Account capabilities are assigned by the system manager when the account is created. The account manager then assigns capabilities to groups and users within the account.

channel

A path within a data communications line through which data flows.

channel I/O (CIO)

Input/output instructions for a channel.

channel I/O adapter

A device that provides the interface between the central bus (CTB) and the channel I/O buses. Each channel I/O adapter serves as a high performance channel multiplexer providing a full direct memory access (DMA) for all HP-IB and LAN I/O channels and synchronizing the differing speeds and bandwidths of the CTB and channel I/O buses.

channel I/O bus (CIB)

A device that provides a synchronous bi-directional data path between the central bus (CTB) and I/O devices.

channel number

The number assigned to the device controller board in the I/O card cage. It is used to calculate the logical address of the device, or device reference table (DRT) number.

CIO adapter (CA)

The interface slot number containing the adapter for the CIO Bus and central bus (CTB).

CIO expander

The channel input and output expander that provides eight additional peripheral card slots to the SPU.

class

A user-defined collection of objects.

class name

1) A label that is either unique to, or associated with, one or more devices in the system's I/O configuration, used to reference a particular device or class of devices. Device class names may be up to eight alphanumeric characters long, beginning with a letter. A single logical device can have multiple device classnames. The HP 2680 laser printer, for example, is referred to as EPOC (electrophotographic output for computers), PP (page printer), or SLP (system line printer). Directing output to any of these class names sends the output to a laser printer.
2) An abstract entity that can own objects in an HP SQL DBEnvironment.
3) A set of one or more SQL or ISQL commands in a file that can be executed with the ISQL START command.

command interpreter (CI)

A program that reads command lines entered at the standard input device, interprets them, determines if they are valid, and if so, executes them.

communication link

The software and hardware that moves data from the driver and card of one computer to the driver of an adjacent computer.

compatibility

The ability of software developed for one computer to work on another computer. See compatibility mode.

compatibility mode (CM)

A method of providing object code compatibility between MPE V/E-based systems and the 900 Series HP 3000 system. Compatibility mode allows current Hewlett-Packard customers to move applications and data to the 900 Series HP 3000 system without changes or recompilation.

configuration

1) The way in which computer and peripheral devices are programmed to interact with each other.
2) The layout of the computer system, including MPE table, memory, and buffer sizes. The configuration tells which peripheral devices are connected to the computer and how they can be accessed.

connect time

The amount of time, in minutes, that a user, group, or account has used the CPU for a session or job. It can be displayed by executing the MPE REPORT command.

console

A terminal given unique status by the operating system. The operator uses the console to monitor and manage jobs, sessions and resources, respond to requests, and communicate with other user terminals. It is used to boot the system and receive system loader error messages, system error messages, and system status messages.

console boot path

The path used to determine if the system can autoboot without operator intervention.

console command

A command that is executable only from the system console at the = prompt (generated by pressing CTRL and the A key at the console keyboard). Console commands cannot be entered by other users because CTRL-A has no meaning on a standard terminal. The logical console, however, can be moved to a standard terminal.

console logging

A system logging event. It records console commands in the system log file.

continuation character

An ampersand (&) character entered as the last character of a command line. A continuation character tells the command interpreter that the command is longer than one line and is continuing onto a second or more subsequent lines.

control-Y

A break function activated by simultaneously pressing the CTRL key and the Y key on a terminal's keyboard. It is typically a subsystem break and does not affect MPE commands. In documentation this two-key sequence is shown as CTRL-Y.

CPU time

The amount of time, in seconds, that a user, group, or account has used the CPU. It can be displayed by executing the MPE REPORT command.

crash

1) The unexpected shutdown of a program or system. If the operating system crashes, it is called a system crash, and requires the system to be rebooted.
2) A head crash or disk crash. This occurs when the read/write heads on a disk drive (that normally ride on a thin cushion of air above the disk) make physical contact with the disk surface, destroying data and the disk track. The extent of damage to the system depends on which disk was involved and how much of the disk was corrupted. A crash of the system disk is serious, since it contains the directory of user files as well as operating system programs, the I/O configuration, and the account structure.

create volumes capability (CV Capability)

The ability to define and access non system domain disks with the NEWSET command (private volumes with the NEWVSET command for MPE V/E). Users and accounts assigned CV capability are automatically given use volumes (UV) capability.

cumulative backup

A backup strategy where a full backup is done once a week and partial backups on all other work days.

D

data communications

The transmission of information from one computer or terminal to another. It is sometimes shortened to datacom.

data communications and terminal subsystems

The methodology used to connect all asynchronous devices to a 900 Series HP 3000, except for the system console.

default

A predefined value or condition that is assumed, and used by the operating system if no other value or condition is specified.

device adapter

A device that manages communications between the computer and a peripheral device. It is the same as an I/O interface card.

device class

A collection of devices that have some user-defined relation. The file system supports a means of maintaining collections of devices but is cognizant of the relation only for certain device class names.

device file

A file associated with a non shareable device (a spool file). Input and output spool files are identified by a number in the DFID (device file identification) column of the SHOWIN and SHOWOUT command displays. A device file can also refer to any non-disk device, such as $STDIN and $STDLIST, the default input and output device files for a terminal.

device independence

A characteristic of the operating system that allows users to selectively redirect input or output from a program, session, or job using the FILE command without regard to the nature of the device. File equations created with the FILE command are in effect only for the duration of the job or session in which they were defined.

device subtype

A number ranging from 0 to 15 that defines a specific device and its associated software driver. There can be several device subtypes within one basic type. For example, a graphics terminal and one without graphics capabilities can share the same device type, but are assigned different subtype numbers.

device type

A number that defines a type of device. For example, 0 represents a moving-head disk and 16 is the device type number assigned to line printers.

diagnostician capability (DI Capability)

A capability usually assigned only to the Hewlett-Packard customer engineer (CE). It allows the CE to conduct certain CPU and diagnostic tests.

directory

A system table showing the group or account in which a file is located. A directory may contain other information such as size of the file, its creation date, any modification dates, file creator, or file security information.

DISCFREE

A utility that supplies information about a system's unused disk space, transient and permanent space, and the volume's total space capacity. The information is supplied in either a histogram or a condensed format. Equivalent to the MPE V/E FREE5 utility.

disk

A circular plate of magnetically coated material used to store computer data. A disk may be fixed, removable, hard, or flexible.

disk drive

A peripheral device that reads information from and writes information to the disk.

disk file

A file stored on disk.

disk I/O

The electromechanical process of transferring the code and data that are stored on disk to and from main memory.

disk pack

A set of one or more disk platters stacked inside a plastic cylindrical container.

disk sector

A section of a disk's surface. A file is stored in one or more sectors.

distributed systems line (DS Line)

The communication line between two computers, controlled by the distributed systems network.

distributed systems network (DSN)

A system of hardware and software data communications products spanning multiple Hewlett-Packard product lines.

distributed terminal controller (DTC)

An intelligent controller with microprocessors to handle workstation connection preprocessing and communications with the system.

DRT number

Device reference table number. The physical I/O address of a device controller, displayed in the second column of the I/O Configuration Table listed during the SYSDUMP dialog. An MPE V/E index into the DRT.

DUMP

A utility program that writes the current state of the system's main memory and secondary storage to tape for analysis. DUMP also, optionally, attempts a software reboot from disk.

E

EXCLUSIVE access

A restriction limiting file access to one user at a time. EXCLUSIVE access is particularly important during file updates, when two or more people modifying the same record within a file, at the same time, could destroy data consistency.

execute

To carry out the instructions or to perform the routine indicated by entering a command or program name.

executing state

The state of a job or session when it is in progress. Other possible states are INTRO, WAIT, EXEC*, and SUSP.

extent

A group of one or more contiguous sectors on a volume used to allocate permanent disk space. Extents can be variable length; any number of extents can exist for a given file.

F

file

A group of related records that represents ASCII text (text files) or binary data (such as executable code). Every file must have a file name so the user can access the file's contents.

file code

A four-digit integer that identifies the special function of a file. Users can assign a file code between 0 and 1023 to a file they create to classify it according to its purpose.

file equation

A method of equating a file name to a device or another file. The FILE command is used to establish the relationship of the file to the device. Generally used to direct the input to or output from a program, job, or session to a particular device by referring to the device class, such as TAPE or LP.

file identifier

A number associating a name with a file system object. The file identifier is given to users to access objects via the file system.

file name

A string of up to eight alphanumeric characters, the first of which must be an alphabetic character. The file name is assigned when the file is created or first saved.

file number

An integer value assigned by the FOPEN intrinsic that is used to refer to a file in a user program. File numbers zero through seven are reserved for the operating system.

file space

The number of sectors of disk space that a user, group, or account is using. It is determined by executing the REPORT command.

foreign disk

A non-system domain disk that MPE V/E does not recognize as a private volume or serial disk. Foreign disks are non shareable devices, and can be formatted either sequentially or for direct record access. Foreign disks, such as private volumes and serial disks, do not have entries in the system volume table.

formal file designator

An alias file name that is used either programmatically or in a file equation to refer to a file. The formal file designator is not the file name found in the system file directory.

free space map

A map of allocated and available disk sectors on the volume set.

fully qualified file name

A complete file description that includes the file name, the group to which the file belongs, and the account to which the group belongs. The fully qualified file name of the LETTER file in the PUB group of the SYS account is expressed as LETTER.PUB.SYS.

function keys

Special keys on the terminal keyboard that are labelled sequentially, F1, F2, F3, and so on, and that correspond to the windows that appear at the bottom of the terminal screen. Function keys perform various activities.

Fundamental Operating Software (FOS)

The programs, utilities, and subsystems supplied on the master installation tape (MIT) for MPE.

G

group

Part of an account that is used to organize the account's files. All files must be assigned to a group. Each group must have a unique name within an account. Groups are the smallest entity for which use of system resources is reported. A PUB group is designated for each account when it is created. Additional groups are created within the account, as needed, by the account manager.

group librarian capability (GL capability)

A capability assigned by the account manager to a user within an account. A group librarian is allowed special file access modes for the maintenance of certain files within the user's home group.

group-level security

The file access modes, and the types of users to whom they are available, as specified by the account manager when the group is created. File access modes assigned to a group are limited to those types permitted to the account.

H

hard reset

A method of resetting the computer or a terminal. A hard reset erases all information in memory.

hardware

All the physical components of the computer, including the CPU cabinet, tape drives, disk drives, terminals, and other peripherals.

help facility

An online utility providing information on all commands. Information can be accessed by topic areas and tasks.

Hewlett-Packard Data-Link Control II (HP-DLC-II)

A standard that defines the elements and procedures for a balanced, bit-oriented, Level II protocol of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.

Hewlett-Packard Graphics Language (HP-GL)

The graphics instruction set for Hewlett-Packard film recorders and plotters.

Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus (HP-IB)

A channel consisting of an HP-IB cable connected to an HP-IB interface card that is connected to the system's backplane. It performs protocol translation between the CPU and HP-IB. For the 900 Series HP 3000 system up to six devices can be connected to a single HP-IB channel. Disk drives, tape drives, and system printers are connected via an HP-IB which is HP's implementation of the IEEE standard 488-1975 interface.

High Level Data-Link Control (HDLC)

Types of protocols that eliminate much of the handshaking (and resultant time-consuming line turnarounds).

histogram

A graphical representation of data.

home directory

The default group, within an account, used as the current working directory when none is specified at logon time.

home group

The group to which a user is automatically logged on to if no other group is specified with the HELLO or JOB command. If no home group is assigned, the user must always specify a group when logging on. The account manager assigns the home group when a user's name is first defined.

host computer

1) The primary or controlling computer in a multiple computer installation.
2) In a network, the computer that primarily provides services such as computation, database access, or special programs or programming languages, to other users on the network.

I

I/O bay

A cabinet containing the card cages and device controller boards for peripherals connected to the HP 3000.

I/O dependent code (IODC)

The portion of the operating system software that contains I/O module dependent data and code used by Processor Dependent Code (PDC) in configuring the I/O module and in booting the system.

I/O path

The address of the interface hardware and the physical path to reach a device. It is constructed top down from where the device is physically attached to the system. The path is determined by the CIO adapter module number, the device adapter (DA) slot number, and the device address.

implied run

The ability to run a program without explicitly using the RUN command. In MPE/iX it is not necessary to specify RUN FCOPY.PUB.SYS to invoke and run the FCOPY program. It is only necessary to enter FCOPY.

incremental backup

A backup strategy where a full backup is done once a week and partial backups are done on every other work day.

initial program load (IPL)

The initialization procedure that causes an operating system to begin operation.

initial system loader (ISL)

The software used to bring up MPE/iX or to perform a memory dump to tape. It provides a user interface to obtain information about or to alter the bootpath.

input

1) The data to be processed. 2) The process of transferring data from external storage to the computer.

input priority

A number in the range of 1 (lowest priority) to 14 (highest priority) assigned to input jobs. The input priority can be assigned by the system (default is 8) or by the user. Jobs with a input priority less than or equal to the system outfence (default 7) are deferred.

input/output (I/O)

The process of, or equipment used in, transmitting information to or from the computer.

INSTALL

The MPE/iX initial system loader (ISL) utility that performs a system load from tape and builds essential operating system files and data structures on disk. Equivalent to the MPE V/E RELOAD operation.

interactive access capability (IA capability)

A capability assigned to accounts and users allowing users to initiate sessions with the HELLO command.

interactive session

A session that allows users to enter commands and data at the terminal and receive an immediate response. Interactive sessions are useful for data entry and retrieval, text editing, or program development where direct dialog with the computer is preferred.

interactive user

A user who enters commands at a terminal.

J

job

A method of submitting a single command to process multiple operating system and utility commands. Once submitted, the job executes independently of the user's session. Jobs are used to compile source programs, modify files, or perform other functions not requiring user interaction.

job limit

A limit set to manage the number of jobs executing on the system. The system manager or operator can restrict system usage by reducing the number of jobs allowed to run. If the LIMIT command is used to set the job limit to 0 (zero), no additional jobs can log onto the system.

K

keyword

A word assigned a specific meaning by the operating system, a subsystem, a computer language, or a utility.

keyword parameters

Words that have special meaning to the command interpreter and are used to modify the intent or effect of an MPE command. Keyword parameters, unlike positional parameters, may appear in any order after a command has been entered on the command line. An entire keyword parameter group, such as PASS=password, must be separated from other keyword parameters by a semicolon (;).

L

LAN 3000/XL LINK

The hardware and communications software needed to connect 900 Series HP 3000 machines to a network for system-to-system communication.

LAN cables

Cables used to connect the distributed terminal controller (DTC) and the system.

LDEV number

See logical device number.

library

A file containing a set of procedures and variables that can be accessed by programs.

Local Area Network (LAN)

A computer network confined to a single location. For example, connecting two or more computer systems within a single office together creates a LAN.

Local Area Network Interface Controller (LANIC)

A hardware card that fits into the backplane of the HP 3000 system and provides a physical layer for IEEE 802.3 local area networks.

local network

The network to which the local node belongs.

local node

The system where you are physically located and logged on, and at which you enter commands.

locked state

The status of an output spoolfile when it is unavailable for printing.

lockword

A word used as a security device on files. A lockword can be assigned to a file when it is created or renamed, and must be supplied to regain access to the file. The word can be from one to eight alphanumeric characters long and must begin with an alphabetic character.

log file

A file that maintains a record of events. Each event is recorded in a separate log record, and is correlated with the job or session causing the event.

logging

1) The process of recording all system modifications to a tape or disk file for the purpose of recovery or accountability. If the system fails, the log file can be used to restore the system to its state prior to the failure. 2) The process used by DBCore to record the activity of a DBEnvironment to enable either rollback or rollforward recovery if necessary.

logging shutdown

A shutdown marking the end of the logging cycle. In most cases, it is performed just prior to either system or database backup.

logical device (LDEV)

A disk file, a set of disk files, or a physical device associated with a data stream between a host and a remote system.

logical device number

A number assigned to all hardware components of a computer system and used for identification purposes.

logoff

A method of terminating a session. To log off the system, enter the BYE or EXIT command.

logon

A method of initiating a session. To log on to MPE/iX, enter the HELLO command and a valid user and account name, plus a group name if necessary, and any required passwords.

logon group

The group specified when logging on using the HELLO command. The syntax is username.accountname, groupname. Once the desired group is accessed, resident files can be referred to without fully qualifying them.

logon identity

A security device used to verify users to the system. A logon identity includes a valid user name and account name in the form user.account.

logon prompt

A system prompt that indicates the computer is ready to initiate a session.

logon session

An identification device used when logging on. The correct syntax is sessionname,username.accountname.

M

master volume

The only volume needed to define a volume set. It contains the configuration data, the root directory, a free space map, file label table, and a volume label with a unique volume set ID for the volume set.

member volume

A volume containing a volume label indicating that it belongs to a volume set. It may be used by one or more volume classes.

memory error logging

A facility that records all memory errors. It begins automatically when the system is initialized.

memory mapped I/O

A configuration in which each device or I/O interface card is assigned a set of memory locations, or memory mapped I/O registers.

menu

A display on the terminal screen showing the options available within a program. Many application programs use menus to show the options a user can select.

MPE/iX

Multi-Programming Executive with integrated POSIX. The operating system for the 900 Series HP 3000 computers. MPE/iX manages all system resources and coordinates the execution of all programs running on the system.

multiple RIN capability (MR capability)

A capability assigned to accounts and users allowing a user multiple RINs (resource identification numbers) so they can lock more than one resource or device at a time. MR capability is usually restricted to only a few users, since simultaneous resource locking can lock (or hang) the entire system.

multiple RINs

The mechanism that allows an account, group, or user to lock more than one resource at a time by specifying the multiple RIN (MR) capability with the ALTACCT, ALTGROUP, or ALTUSER commands.

N

native mode (NM)

The native run-time environment of MPE/iX. In native mode, source code has been compiled into the native instruction set of the 900 Series HP 3000 system.

network

A group of computer systems connected so that they can exchange information and share resources.

network administrator capability (NA capability)

A capability that allows a user to manage the data communications subsystem at a specified location.

network architecture

A structured, modular design for networks.

network services (NS)

A group of software products that provide the user interface to the network. They allow batch jobs submittals, file transfers, virtual terminal access, and other services.

node

One end of a communications link or a computer system in a network. For example, if two HP 3000 computers are connected via a DS line, each system is considered a node.

node manager capability (NM capability)

A capability assigned to users allowing them to control communications subsystems at their node.

node name

A string of up to 31 characters, not including control characters or spaces, that uniquely identifies a node on a local area network (LAN).

non-shareable device capability (ND capability)

A capability assigned to accounts and users allowing account members to own non-shareable devices such as unspooled tape drives and line printers, serial disks, private volumes (on MPE V/E), and foreign disks.

nonsystem volumes

Volumes that are member volumes of a volume set. They do not need to be mounted for the operating system to run.

O

operating system

The software that allows the computer to operate. It consists of programs such as basic file and I/O manipulators. All subsystems run upon the operating system.

operator command

Commands executed only at the system console by the system operator. Operator commands can be distributed to specific users at the operator's discretion with the ALLOW, ASSOCIATE, and JOBSECURITY commands.

OPERATOR.SYS

The user and account that MPE automatically logs on to at the console when the system is started. OPERATOR.SYS may or may not be assigned special capabilities. Unlike the system supervisor (who is assigned OP capability), or the system manager (who is assigned SM capability), there is no mnemonic that entitles the operator to execute a special subset of commands. The operator's power and responsibilities derive solely from control of the system console and any capabilities assigned to it by the account manager of the SYS account.

optional parameter

A parameter that is not required when entering a command or calling an intrinsic. In reference manuals, optional parameters are surrounded by square brackets ([ ]).

outfence

A number in the range of 1 (lowest priority) to 14 (highest priority), used to control access to the system printer. If a job does not have an input priority higher than the system outfence (default 7), it will not print.

output

Data transferred from internal to secondary (external) storage in a computer. Also, the process of transferring information from the computer to a peripheral device.

output priority

A number in the range of 1 (lowest priority) to 13 (highest priority) assigned to an output spool file either by the system (a default value) or by a user. It is used to determine the order in which files will be printed.

P

parameter

A value in a list of values that is passed to a procedure. The parameter is used in calculations or operations in the procedure.

path

The course within a computer that a message takes, typically through software protocol handlers.

peripheral

A hardware device attached to and controlled by a computer, such as a terminal, tape drive, disk drive, or printer.

permanent file

A disk file with an entry in the system directory. To delete the file, it must be erased from the system with the PURGE command or with certain invocations of the FCLOSE intrinsic.

permanent space

Disk space reserved for use by permanent structures such as files, the label table, or the free space map.

port

An outlet from the computer used to connect the computer to peripheral devices. A cable runs between the outlet and the device.

positional parameters

One or more terms appearing in a specific order on the command line that modify the intent or effect of the command. If a positional parameter is omitted, the user must supply a comma in its place.

power down

To turn the system power off.

power up

To turn the system power on.

preventive maintenance (PM)

The regular housecleaning chores performed to keep the system from suffering performance degradation and to prevent problems from developing on the system.

primary boot path

The path used to boot the system from disk-resident software.

priority request

The use of the optional parameter ;HIPRI in the HELLO and JOB commands. This capability, granted to system supervisors and system managers, allows a job to be dispatched or a session to be initiated, overriding the current jobfence or execution limit.

private volumes

MPE V/E removable disk volumes that are not included in the system I/O configuration table and, therefore, must be brought online with an explicit LMOUNT command. To access a private volume, a user's logon group and account must be assigned to a specific volume set with the VS parameter of the ALTGROUP and ALTACCT commands. Private volumes are nonsystem domain devices. Equivalent to MPE/iX mountable or nonsystem volumes.

privileged mode capability (PM capability)

A capability assigned to accounts, groups, or users allowing unrestricted memory access, access to privileged CPU instructions, and the ability to call privileged procedures.

process

The unique execution of a program or procedure by a particular user at a particular time. If several users execute the same program, each is a separate process. Similarly, if the same user runs several programs, each execution is also considered a distinct process.

process handling capability (PH capability)

A capability optionally assigned to accounts, groups, and users allowing a currently executing process to create other processes. PH capability also allows process suspension, interprocess communication, and process deletion. Since the proliferation of processes results in heavy system resource usage, PH capability is typically restricted to only a few users.

process identification number (PIN)

A number assigned to a process by MPE when the process is created. It is used internally by MPE (in the process control block (PCB) table) and during requests for system resources at the console (when the operator responds to requests by referencing the PIN in the REPLY command).

processor dependent code (PDC)

An MPE/iX hardware routine to read and initialize the I/O paths used for booting or rebooting the system.

program

A sequence of instructions that tells the computer how to perform a specific task.

programmatic sessions capability (PS capability)

A capability allowing a user to execute the STARTSESS command and to call the STARTSESS and ABORTSESS intrinsics.

prompt

The character(s) displayed at the terminal screen indicating that the system is ready for a command. The default MPE command interpreter's prompt is a colon (:). Other subsystems have different prompts.

PUB.SYS

The public group of the system account. PUB.SYS is the group in which programs and applications available to all users of the system reside.

PUB group

A group created when an account is created whose files are usually accessible to all users within the account.

Q

quiet mode

A session mode in which messages sent from other jobs or sessions to a terminal are not displayed. Users control quiet mode with the SETMSG command. To determine who is running quietly, execute the SHOWJOB command. Those sessions not receiving messages are indicated by the word QUIET in the third column of the listing. A WARN message from the system console overrides quiet mode, and should be used for all critical communication, such as informing the user of an impending system shutdown.

R

remote access

Communication with a computer from a physically separate location.

remote mode

A mode in which a terminal transmits and receives data from a remote (or host) computer.

remote node

A node that is not physically located where you are and which you communicate with via data communication.

remote session

A session initiated from an area physically separated from the computer.

remote system

A computer system physically separated from other computer systems.

remote system console

A terminal which provides remote access to the SPU as a system console or terminal session.

remote terminal

A terminal that is indirectly connected to the computer, using a modem and telephone hook up.

required parameter

A parameter that is required when entering a command or calling an intrinsic. In reference manuals, required parameters are surrounded by braces ({}).

resource

Any device or item used by a computer, for example I/O devices, disk files, or programs.

resource identification number (RIN)

A number identifying a user-defined resource. Users are normally allowed to lock only a single RIN, which means they can have exclusive access to one resource at a time, such as an I/O device, a file, or a program.

resource sharing

The most significant feature of a network. With resource sharing, elements at each node are accessible from other nodes in the network. These elements may include disk files, printers, magnetic tapes, terminals, and other programs.

response center support (RCS)

An HP support agreement coverage that provides telephone assistance with software usage and problems.

restore

The process of retrieving user files from SYSGEN (MPE/iX), SYSDUMP (MPE V/E), and STORE tapes or from serial disk and writing them to disk. Restoring is executed with the RESTORE command.

restricting data

A way of limiting access to data by grouping data into volumes, volume classes, and volume sets.

run

To execute a program.

run time

The environment in which a process is running or executing.

S

save files capability (SF capability)

The capability allowing users to save the files they create. It is assigned by default to accounts and users.

search path

A mechanism that controls which file is opened once a command is determined not to be a UDC nor an MPE command.

sector

A portion of a track on a disk, and the smallest addressable piece of the disk. MPE-formatted disks use 128-word sectors (256 bytes).

security

1) The provisions that prevent unauthorized users from entering the system, accessing data, or using resources, programs, or capabilities. 2) The provisions included in MPE to protect the system from unauthorized use. MPE offers several methods of creating a secure environment. The most basic level of security includes organizing files into groups and users into accounts, either of which may be assigned a password. Security also refers to the ability to read, write, append, lock, and execute files, optionally assigned to accounts by the system manager and to groups and users by the account manager.

segmented library (SL)

A file structure containing code segments that are shareable, general-use MPE, utility, and subsystem procedures not unique to a particular process. The three levels of SLs are group library SL, available to any user who can access the group; the public library SL, accessible to account users; and the system library SL, used by all system users.

session

A mode in which the HP 3000 system is used interactively by entering commands and data through a terminal's keyboard and receiving immediate responses to input. A session is initiated with the HELLO command and is ended with the BYE command, or a second HELLO command that logs the user off the first session and onto another session.

single-user mode

A DBEnvironment startup mode that allows only one DBE session to be active at a time.

single-user state

A condition of the MPE/iX operating system in which the system console provides the only communication mechanism between the system and its user.

single-user system

A system that can communicate with only one fixed terminal.

soft reset

A reset that initializes a variety of terminal functions but does not reset the memory.

software

A set of programs, instructions, rules, and procedures concerned with the operation of a computer.

spool queue

Disk space where spool files are kept.

spooling

An activity that permits the concurrent use of output devices and batch job input. (SPOOL is an acronym for simultaneous peripheral operations online.) If multiple users send output to a nonshareable device, such as a tape drive or line printer, their output is directed to spool files on disk. The output is printed on a priority basis as the printer becomes available and the users can proceed with other processing activities without waiting for the printer. Multiple batch jobs can also be submitted concurrently. The jobs are spooled to disk and executed according to the priority level specified by its submitter with the JOB command.

START

An initial system loader (ISL) utility and its options that is used to start the system from disk and to build the system data structures. This utility is used to recover from a hang or failure or to reboot the system after scheduled downtime. The START RECOVERY option is equivalent to the MPE V/E WARMSTART procedure, and the START NORECOVERY option is equivalent to the MPE V/E COOLSTART procedure.

storage device

A device (such as a disk pack, a disk cartridge, a flexible disk, magnetic tape, or cartridge tape) onto which data can be stored and subsequently retrieved.

STORE

1) The process of saving HP 3000 files to tape or serial disk. Storing is executed by using the STORE command. 2) A machine instruction that tells the CPU to take information from a register and put it in memory.

stream

To run batch jobs or data from a session or a job by using the MPE STREAM command. Once a job is streamed, it will execute as a separate process without requiring any further user input or supervision.

subsystem

A software program that performs a specific function, such as compiling programs, copying files, or editing text. Subsystems are executed by entering a single command at the colon prompt. At that point a different prompt is displayed, and a set of commands specific to the subsystem become available to the user. The user must explicitly exit the subsystem, usually by entering E or EXIT.

SYS account

A special account on the HP 3000 system, included with the system when it is first installed. It contains all MPE files (stored in the segmented library), supported subsystems, utility programs, and compilers.

system

A group of one or more CPUs that communicate through buses without the use of data communications software.

system abort

An orderly system failure. MPE trys to clean up by closing files and flushing buffers when possible.

system configuration

The process of tailoring the operating system to accommodate the current physical layout and workload of a particular installation. The configuration is typically modified when new terminals, another line printer, or a disk drive are added. The system also can be reconfigured to assign new class names to existing devices, change the size of system tables or virtual memory, modify system logging, or alter any other configuration parameter.

system console

1) A workstation given a unique status by the operating system. It is used by the operator to execute specific commands for the purpose of managing sessions, jobs, and system resources. It is associated with all boot or system loader error messages, system error messages, and certain system status messages.
2) The terminal, usually logical device 20, that the system operator uses to monitor system activity, respond to resource requests, and send messages to user's terminals. The console (and its associated privileges and responsibilities) may be transferred to another logical device with the CONSOLE command.

system control panel

A panel on the computer, containing control switches and status indicator lights.

system disk

The disk volume mounted as logical device 1. It contains MPE, I/O configuration information, the account structure and file directory, and utilities and subsystems. It also contains an area reserved for virtual memory and can be used to store user files.

system domain

An MPE V/E configuration for disk drives. System domain disks contain only shareable files, and remain online until the system is shut down. Because information about all system domain disks is entered into the system volume table, a system domain disk can be taken offline only by altering the I/O configuration during the SYSDUMP dialog and coldloading the new configuration. Equivalent to MPE/iX system volume.

system failure

An internally detected error from which recovery is not possible. Rather than continue to operate, risking data integrity, the operating system halts the computer.

system file directory

A directory maintained by MPE that records the name, group, and account of each permanent file on the system. The directory contains the size of each file, its location on the disk, who may access it, and other information.

system generator (SYSGEN)

The MPE/iX utility used to create or modify system and I/O configurations; add, remove, and replace program files and boot files; replace system libraries; generate a full system backup; and create a boot tape to bring up an MPE/iX system with the new configuration. Equivalent to MPE V/E SYSDUMP and INITIAL utilities.

system halt

The condition following a system shutdown or system failure, indicated by no response at the system console or to any user command.

system load tape

A tape that contains the system load utilities, base system files, and user files. It is generated with the SYSGEN utility. Equivalent to the MPE V/E coldload tape.

system logging

The facility that records details of system resource requests in a series of log files on disk. The system manager or operator can select which system events to record such as job or session initiation or termination, program termination, file closing, file spooling completion, and system shutdown. I/O device failures are recorded in the system log and are used to detect problems before they interfere with overall system operation.

system manager

The person who manages the computer installation, is responsible for creating accounts, and assigns capabilities and resource limits.

system manager capability (SM capability)

A capability assigned to the user name and account to which the person designated as system manager logs on. The system manager is responsible for the structure, security, and overall operation of the system by establishing accounts and assigning capabilities and resource-use limits to each. The system manager assigns account manager and system supervisor capabilities to specific users.

system processor unit (SPU)

The box in which all the processor boards and cards reside.

system startup

A method of loading the MPE operating system from either disk or tape by bringing a subset of the MPE initiator program into memory.

system supervisor capability (OP capability)

A capability assigned by the system manager to the system supervisor's user name and account. The system supervisor is responsible for performing backups, altering the system configuration, and in general, tuning the computer so that it continues to perform well and meet the needs of users.

system volume

An MPE/iX system volume set. It contains a bootable system image and system configuration on its master volume. It is the only volume needed to load and start the system. It is always mounted and named MPEXL_SYSTEM_VOLUME_SET.

system-defined files

The files defined by MPE and made available to all users to indicate standard input or output devices, special temporary files, and files opened for output that do not perform an actual write operation.

T

temporary file

A file that exists only for the duration of a session or job.

terminal

A hardware device connected to a computer and used for entering and receiving data. A terminal consists of a keyboard and a display screen.

terminal type

Hewlett-Packard's classification for terminal models and their capabilities.

throughput

A measurement of a computer system's speed and productivity.

transaction

A logical unit of work.

transaction logging

A method of tracking each unit of work to facilitate recovery from the abnormal end of transaction processing and system failures. A transaction log file is automatically generated and maintained by the transaction management facility. Files can be restored to a consistent state by copying the contents of the log file into the data file.

transient space

Disk space used for temporary processes such as stacks and operating system data structures.

U

unit number

A part of an address used for devices. A number whose meaning is software-dependent and device-dependent, but which is often used to specify a particular disk drive in a device with a multidrive controller.

UPDATE

1) The MPE/iX ISL utility that performs a system load from tape. It replaces the current base system files on disk, and optionally replaces configuration files. The ISL UPDATE CONFIG option is equivalent to the MPE V/E COLDSTART procedure, and the UPDATE NOCONFIG option is equivalent to the MPE V/E UPDATE operation.
2) An MPE V/E coldload option that loads all files in the PUB group of the SYS account from the backup media. I/O configuration data, the directory, and user files are loaded from the system disk. UPDATE is typically used to install a new version of system software or to load MPE from another computer. Equivalent to the MPE/iX ISL UPDATE utility UPDATE NOCONFIG option.

use communications subsystems capability (CS capability)

A capability assigned to accounts and users allowing access to the MPE communications subsystems.

use volumes capability (UV capability)

A capability assigned at the account and user level allowing users to access private disk volumes.

user command

A set of MPE/iX commands that a user has grouped together to perform a specific task. A user command is stored in a command file and does not have to be entered into a catalog. User commands are last in MPE's search path for commands.

user level security

The file access modes permitted the user. User level security must duplicate, or be a subset of, the file access permitted the user's account and group.

user logging

A facility that enables users and subsystems to record additions and modifications to files. If necessary, user logging also provides the means whereby recorded entries can be used to recover the files themselves.

utility program

An operating system program that performs specific functions such as file copying, sorting, merging, memory dump analysis, or monitoring available disk space.

V

variable

A value that can be changed, as opposed to a constant, usually represented by a letter or a group of alphanumeric characters.

volume

A single disk pack. Each volume is a member of a volume set and contains a volume label, a label table, and a free space map.

volume class

A class used for the allocation and restriction of disk space. A volume class is a logical subset or partition within a volume set and can bridge any number of physical member volumes of a volume set.

volume name

The name given to a volume set or volume class with the NEWSET command. The name can be assigned only by a user with CV (create volume) capability, usually the system manager or account manager. The volume name is an ASCII character string of up to eight alphanumeric characters, beginning with an alphabetic character.

volume number

The part of an address used for a device number whose meaning is software and device dependent, but is often used to specify a particular volume on a multivolume disk drive.

volume set

A group of up to 255 related disk packs. One volume of the volume set must be designated as the master volume for the set. Each volume set is assigned a name by which it is identified and referenced. MPE/iX recognizes both system volume sets and nonsystem, or mountable, volume sets.

volume set information table (VSIT)

A part of a master volume of a volume set containing the volume set configuration data.

volume testing

The verification that the system continues to operate when loaded to each limit, the determination of what occurs when those limits are exceeded, and the determination of what occurs when the system is emptied after being in a full state.

VOLUTIL

The MPE/iX utility that provides volume initialization and maintenance, volume label and membership inquiries, and volume space and sector status. Equivalent to the MPE V/E VINIT subsystem.

W

welcome message

A file containing a greeting and important system information. It is created by the system operator and displayed each time a user logs onto the system.

work file

A temporary file created when a text editor is invoked. A work file is a copy (in memory) of a permanent disk file. Any changes to the work file are lost unless the user saves the updated version of the file.

write

To put information in a certain place.

write-enable

To remove a disk's write-protection, allowing the disk to be written upon.

write-protect

To protect stored data so that it cannot be overwritten.