ALLBASE/SQL Reference Manual: HP 9000 Computer Systems

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HP Part Number: 36217-90408

Edition:

Published: E0399

Table of Contents

ALLBASE Manuals
New Features in G1, G2 and G3

1 Introduction

ALLBASE/SQL Components

Utility Programs

ALLBASE/SQL Databases

Logical Concepts
Physical Concepts

ALLBASE/SQL Data Access

Using Queries

ALLBASE/SQL Objects

ALLBASE/SQL Users

SQL Language Structure

Using Comments within SQL Statements

SQL Statement Categories

Error Conditions in ALLBASE/SQL

Severity of Errors
Atomicity of Error Checking
Additional Information about Errors

Native Language Support

2 Using ALLBASE/SQL

Creating DBEnvironments

Specifying a Native Language Parameter
Initial Privileges

Starting and Terminating a DBE Session

Sessions with Autostart
Sessions without Autostart
Terminating DBE Sessions
Using ALLBASE/SQL in a Diskless Cluster

Creating Physical Storage

Defining How Data is Stored and Retrieved

Creating a Table
Specifying a DBEFileSet
Specifying Native Language Tables and Columns
Creating a View
Creating Indexes
Specifying Integrity Constraints
Creating Procedures
Creating Rules

Understanding Data Access Paths

Serial Access
Indexed Access
Hashed Access
Differences between Hashed and Indexed Access
When to Use a Hash Structure
TID Access

Controlling Database Access

Authorities
Obtaining Authorization
DBA Authority
Grants
Grantable Privileges
Ownership
Default Owner Rules
Ownership Privileges
Authorization Groups
Classes
Differences between Groups and Classes

Manipulating Data

Inserting Data
Updating Data
Deleting Data

Managing Transactions

Objectives of Transaction Management
Starting Transactions
Ending Transactions
Using SAVEPOINT
Scoping of Transaction and Session Attributes
Transaction Limits and Timeouts
Monitoring Transactions
Tips on Transaction Management

Auditing DBEnvironments

Partitions in Audit DBEnvironments

Using Wrapper DBEnvironments

Using SQLAudit

Application Programming

Preprocessor
Authorization
DBEnvironment Changes
Host Variables
Multiple-Row Manipulations

Using Multiple Connections and Transactions with Timeouts

Connecting to DBEnvironments
Setting the Current Connection
Setting Timeout Values
Setting the Transaction Mode
Disconnecting from DBEnvironments

Administering a Database

Understanding the System Catalog

3 SQL Queries

Using the SELECT Statement

Simple Queries

Complex Queries

UNION Queries
Using Character Constants with UNION
Subqueries
Special Predicates
Quantified Predicate
IN Predicate
EXISTS Predicate
Correlated Versus Noncorrelated Subqueries
Outer Joins

Using GENPLAN to Display the Access Plan

Generating a Plan
Displaying a Query Access Plan
Interpreting a Display

Updatability of Queries

4 Constraints, Procedures, and Rules

Using Integrity Constraints

Unique Constraints
Referential Constraints
Check Constraints
Examples of Integrity Constraints
Inserting Rows in Tables Having Constraints
How Constraints are Enforced

Using Procedures

Understanding Procedures
Creating Procedures
Executing Procedures
Procedures and Transaction Management
Using SQL Statements in Procedures
Queries inside Procedures
Using a Procedure Cursor in ISQL
Error Handling in Procedures Not Invoked by Rules
Using RAISE ERROR in Procedures
Recommended Coding Practices for Procedures

Using Rules

Understanding Rules
Creating Rules
Techniques for Using Procedures with Rules
Error Handling in Procedures Invoked by Rules
Using RAISE ERROR in Procedures Invoked by Rules
Enabling and Disabling Rules
Special Considerations for Procedures Invoked by Rules
Differences between Rules and Integrity Constraints

5 Concurrency Control through Locks and Isolation Levels

Defining Transactions

Understanding ALLBASE/SQL Data Access

Use of Locking by Transactions

Basics of Locking
Locks and Queries
Costs of Locking

Defining Isolation Levels between Transactions

Repeatable Read (RR)
Cursor Stability (CS)
Read Committed (RC)
Read Uncommitted (RU)

Details of Locking

Lock Granularities
Types of Locks
Lock Compatibility
Weak Locks

What Determines Lock Types

Type of SQL Statement
Locking Structure Implicit at CREATE TABLE Time
Use of the LOCK TABLE Statement
Choice of a Scan Type
Choice of Isolation Level
Updatability of Cursors or Views
Use of Sorting

Scope and Duration of Locks

Examples of Obtaining and Releasing Locks

Simple Example of Concurrency Control through Locking
Sample Transactions Using Isolation Levels

Resolving Conflicts among Concurrent Transactions

Lock Waits
Deadlocks
Table Type and Deadlock
Table Size and Deadlock
Avoiding Deadlock
Undetectable Deadlock

Monitoring Locking with SQLMON

MONITOR Authority
Monitoring Tasks

Basic Names
Native Language Object Names
DBEUserIDs
Owner Names
Authorization Names
Compound Identifiers
Host Variable Names
Local Variable Names
Parameter Names
DBEnvironment and DBECon File Names
DBEFile and Log File Identifiers
TempSpace Names
Special Names

7 Data Types

Type Specifications

Value Comparisons

Overflow and Truncation

Type Conversion

Null Values

Decimal Operations

Date/Time Operations

Examples
Use of Date/Time Data Types in Arithmetic Expressions
Use of Date/Time Data Types in Predicates
Date/Time Data Types and Aggregate Functions

Binary Operations

Long Operations

Defining LONG Column Data with CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE
Defining Input and Output with the LONG Column I/O String
Using INSERT with LONG Column Data
Using SELECT with LONG Column Data
Using UPDATE with LONG Column Data

Native Language Data

8 Expressions

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Example

Add Months Function

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Example

Aggregate Functions

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Example

CAST Function

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Examples

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters

Current Functions

Scope
SQL Syntax
Description
Examples

Date/Time Functions

Scope
SQL Syntax—Conversion Functions
Parameters—Conversion Functions
SQL Syntax—FormatSpecification
Parameters—FormatSpecification
Description
Examples

Long Column Functions

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Examples

String Functions

Function Specification
Examples:
Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Examples

TID Function

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Example

9 Search Conditions

Search Condition

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description

BETWEEN Predicate

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Example

Comparison Predicate

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Example

EXISTS Predicate

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Example

IN Predicate

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Example

LIKE Predicate

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Example

NULL Predicate

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Example

Quantified Predicate

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Example

10 SQL Statements A - D

SQL Statement Summary

ADD DBEFILE

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

ADD TO GROUP

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

ALTER DBEFILE

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

ALTER TABLE

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters—ALTER TABLE
SQL Syntax—AddColumnSpecification
Parameters—AddColumnSpecification
SQL Syntax—AddConstraintSpecification
Parameters—AddConstraintSpecification
SQL Syntax—DropConstraintSpecification
Parameters—DropConstraintSpecification
SQL Syntax—SetTypeSpecification
Parameters—SetTypeSpecification
SQL Syntax—SetPartitionSpecification
Parameters—SetPartitionSpecification
Description
Authorization
Examples

Assignment (=)

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

BEGIN ARCHIVE

Scope
SQL Syntax
Description
Authorization

BEGIN DECLARE SECTION

Scope
SQL Syntax
Description
Authorization
Example

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Examples

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Examples

COMMIT ARCHIVE

Scope
SQL Syntax
Description
Authorization

COMMIT WORK

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

CREATE DBEFILE

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

CREATE DBEFILESET

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

CREATE GROUP

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

CREATE INDEX

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

CREATE PARTITION

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

CREATE PROCEDURE

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
SQL Syntax—ParameterDeclaration
Parameters—ParameterDeclaration
SQL Syntax—ResultDeclaration
Parameters—ResultDeclaration
Description
Authorization
Examples

CREATE RULE

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

CREATE SCHEMA

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

CREATE TABLE

Scope
SQL Syntax—CREATE TABLE
Parameters—CREATE TABLE
SQL Syntax—Column Definition
Parameters—Column Definition
SQL Syntax—Unique Constraint (Table Level)
Parameters—Unique Constraint (Table Level)
SQL Syntax—Referential Constraint (Table Level)
Parameters—Referential Constraint (Table Level)
SQL Syntax—Check Constraint (Table Level)
Parameters—Check Constraint (Table Level)
Description
Authorization
Examples

CREATE TEMPSPACE

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

CREATE VIEW

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Examples

DECLARE CURSOR

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Examples

DECLARE Variable

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

DELETE WHERE CURRENT

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Examples

DISABLE AUDIT LOGGING

Scope
SQL Syntax
Description
Authorization
Example

DISABLE RULES

Scope
SQL Syntax
Description
Authorization
Example

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

DROP DBEFILE

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

DROP DBEFILESET

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

DROP MODULE

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Examples

DROP PARTITION

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

DROP PROCEDURE

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

DROP TEMPSPACE

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

11 SQL Statements E - R

ENABLE AUDIT LOGGING

Scope
SQL Syntax
Description
Authorization
Example

ENABLE RULES

Scope
SQL Syntax
Description
Authorization
Example

END DECLARE SECTION

Scope
SQL Syntax
Description
Authorization
Example

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
SQL Syntax — HostVariableSpecification
Parameters — HostVariableSpecification
Description
Authorization
Examples

EXECUTE IMMEDIATE

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

EXECUTE PROCEDURE

Scope
Syntax
Parameters
SQL Syntax—ActualParameter
Parameters—ParameterDeclaration
Description
Authorization
Examples

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
SQL Syntax — BULK HostVariableSpecification
Parameters — BULK HostVariableSpecification
SQL Syntax — non-BULK HostVariableSpecification
Parameters — non-BULK HostVariableSpecification
Description
Authorization
Examples

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Examples

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

Scope
SQL Syntax — Grant Table or View Authority
Parameters — Grant Table or View Authority
Authorization — Grant Table or View Authority
SQL Syntax — Grant RUN or EXECUTE Authority
Parameters — Grant RUN or EXECUTE Authority
Authorization — Grant RUN or EXECUTE Authority
SQL Syntax — Grant CONNECT, DBA, INSTALL, MONITOR, or RESOURCE Authority
Parameters — Grant CONNECT, DBA, INSTALL, MONITOR, or RESOURCE Authority
Description — Grant CONNECT, DBA, INSTALL, MONITOR, or RESOURCE Authority
Authorization — Grant CONNECT, DBA, INSTALL, MONITOR, or RESOURCE Authority
SQL Syntax — Grant DBEFileSet Authority
Parameters — Grant DBEFileSet Authority
Description
Authorization — Grant DBEFilesSet Authority
Examples

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

Scope
SQL Syntax - Insert Rows with Defined Values
Parameters - Insert Rows with Defined Values
SQL Syntax — SingleRowValues
Parameters — SingleRowValues
SQL Syntax — LongColumnIOString
Parameters — LongColumnIOString
Description — LongColumnIOString
SQL Syntax — BulkValues
Parameters — BulkValues
Description — Insert Rows with SingleRowValues and BulkValues
SQL Syntax — DynamicParameterValues
Parameters — DynamicParameterValues
Description — Insert Rows with DynamicParameterValues
Authorization — Insert Rows with SingleRowValues and Bulk Values
SQL Syntax — INSERT Rows Defined by a SELECT Command (Type 2 Insert)
Parameters — INSERT Rows Defined by a SELECT Command (Type 2 Insert)
Description — INSERT Rows Defined by a SELECT Command (Type 2 Insert)
Authorization — INSERT Rows Defined by a SELECT Command (Type 2 Insert)
Examples

Labeled Statement

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Examples

LOG COMMENT

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Examples

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Examples

RAISE ERROR

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Examples

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

Scope
SQL Syntax
Description
Authorization
Example

REMOVE DBEFILE

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

REMOVE FROM GROUP

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

RENAME COLUMN

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

RENAME TABLE

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Example

Scope
SQL Syntax — Revoke Table or View Authority
Parameters — Revoke Table or View Authority
Description — Revoke Table or View Authority
Authorization — Revoke Table or View Authority
SQL Syntax — Revoke RUN or EXECUTE or Authority
Parameters--Revoke RUN or EXECUTE Authority
SQL Syntax — Revoke CONNECT, DBA, INSTALL, MONITOR, or RESOURCE Authority
Parameters — Revoke CONNECT, DBA, INSTALL, MONITOR, or RESOURCE Authority
Description — Revoke CONNECT, DBA, INSTALL, MONITOR, or RESOURCE Authority
Authorization — Revoke CONNECT, DBA, INSTALL, MONITOR, or RESOURCE Authority
SQL Syntax — Revoke DBEFileSet Authority
Parameters — Revoke DBEFileSet Authority
Description — Revoke DBEFileSet Authority
Authorization — Revoke DBEFileSet Authority
Examples

ROLLBACK WORK

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

12 SQL Statements S - Z

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

Scope
SQL Syntax — Select Statement Level
SQL Syntax — Subquery Level
SQL Syntax — Query Expression Level
SQL Syntax — Query Block Level
SelectList
HostVariableSpecification — With BULK Option
HostVariableSpecification — Without BULK Option
FromSpec
TableSpec
SQL Syntax — Select Statement Level
Parameters — Select Statement Level
Description — Select Statement Level
SQL Syntax — Subquery Level
Parameters — Subquery Level
Description — Subquery Level
SQL Syntax — Query Expression Level
Parameters — Query Expression Level
Description — Query Expression Level
SQL Syntax — Query Block Level
Parameters — Query Block Level
SQL Syntax — SelectList
Parameters — SelectList
SQL Syntax — BULK HostVariableSpecification
Parameters — BULK HostVariableSpecification
SQL Syntax — non-BULK HostVariableSpecification
Parameters — non-BULK HostVariableSpecification
SQL Syntax — FromSpec
Parameters — FromSpec
Description — Query Block Level
Authorization
Examples

SET CONNECTION

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

SET CONSTRAINTS

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

SET DEFAULT DBEFILESET

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

SET DML ATOMICITY

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

SET MULTITRANSACTION

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

Scope
Syntax — SETOPT
Syntax — Scan Access
Syntax — Join Algorithm
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Examples

SET PRINTRULES

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

SET SESSION

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

SET TRANSACTION

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

SET USER TIMEOUT

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

START DBE NEW

Scope
SQL Syntax — START DBE NEW
Parameters — START DBE NEW
SQL Syntax — DBEFile0Definition
Parameters — DBEFile0Definition
SQL Syntax — DBELogDefinition
Parameters — DBELogDefinition
Description
Authorization
Example

START DBE NEWLOG

Scope
SQL Syntax — START DBE NEWLOG
Parameters — START DBE NEWLOG
SQL Syntax — NewLogDefinition
Parameters — NewLogDefinition
Description
Authorization
Example

Scope
SQL Syntax
Description
Authorization
Example

TERMINATE QUERY

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

TERMINATE TRANSACTION

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

TERMINATE USER

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

TRANSFER OWNERSHIP

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

TRUNCATE TABLE

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
SQL Syntax — LongColumnIOString
Parameters — LongColumnIOString
Description — LongColumnIOString
Authorization
Example

UPDATE STATISTICS

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

UPDATE WHERE CURRENT

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
SQL Syntax — LongColumnIOString
Parameters — LongColumnIOString
Description — LongColumnIOString
Authorization
Example

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Examples

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

Scope
SQL Syntax
Parameters
Description
Authorization
Example

A SQL Syntax Summary

B ISQL Syntax Summary

CHANGE
DO
EDIT
END
ERASE
EXIT
EXTRACT
HELP
HOLD
INFO
INPUT
INSTALL
LIST FILE
LIST HISTORY
LIST INSTALL
LIST SET
LOAD
RECALL
REDO
RENAME
SELECTSTATEMENT
SET
SQLGEN
SQLUTIL
START
STORE
SYSTEM
UNLOAD

C Sample DBEnvironment

Installing the Files for PartsDBE

Setting Up PartsDBE

Using SQLSetup
Creating PartsDBE
Using Setup

Listings of ISQL Command Files

STARTDBE Command File

CREATABS Command File

LOADTABS Command File

CREAINDEX Command File

CREASEC Command File

Data in the Sample DBEnvironment

ManufDB.SupplyBatches Table

ManufDB.TestData Table

PurchDB.Inventory Table

PurchDB.OrderItems Table

PurchDB.Orders Table

PurchDB.Parts Table

PurchDB.Reports Table

PurchDB.SupplyPrice Table

PurchDB.Vendors Table

RecDB.Clubs Table

RecDB.Events Table

RecDB.Members Table

Sample Program Files

D Standards Flagging Support

Introduction
Non-standard Statements and Extensions
Non-Standard Data Types
Non-Standard Expression Extensions
Non-Standard Syntax Rules

List of Figures

1-1 Components of ALLBASE/SQL
1-2 How Tables, DBEFiles, and DBEFileSets Are Related
1-3 Databases and DBEFileSets
1-4 Elements of an ALLBASE/SQL DBEnvironment
3-1 Range of Complex Query Types
4-1 Referential Constraints in a Set of Tables
5-1 Transactions over Time
5-2 Multiuser DBEnvironment
5-3 Page Versus Table Level Locking
5-4 Row Versus Page Level Locking
5-5 Locks at Different Granularities
5-6 Scope and Duration of Share Locks for Different Isolation Levels
5-7 Lock Requests 1: Waiting for Exclusive Lock
5-8 Lock Requests 2: Waiting for Share Locks
5-9 Lock Requests 3: Share Locks Granted
5-10 Deadlock
9-1 Logical Operations on Predicates Containing NULL Values
C-1 SQLSetup Menu

List of Tables

1-1 SQL Statement Categories
2-1 Transaction Attribute Scope
2-2 System Views
4-1 Built-in Variables in Procedures
5-1 Lock Compatibility Matrix
5-2 Locking Behavior Determined by CREATE TABLE Statement
5-3 Locks Obtained on PUBLIC Tables with Different Isolation Levels
5-4 Locks Obtained on PUBLICROW Tables with Different Isolation Levels
5-5 SQLMON Monitoring Tasks
7-1 ALLBASE/SQL Data Types
7-2 Data Type Storage Requirements
7-3 Valid Type Combinations
7-4 Conversions from Combining Different Numeric Data Types
7-5 Arithmetic Operations on Date/Time Data Types
8-1 Data Type Returned by SUBSTRING
8-2 SQLTID Data Internal Format
10-1 SQL Statement Summary
10-2 Changes to Table Authority in ALTER TABLE
11-1 GENPLAN WITH Clause Data Types — COBOL
11-2 GENPLAN WITH Clause Data Types — Pascal
11-3 GENPLAN WITH Clause Data Types — FORTRAN
11-4 GENPLAN WITH Clause Data Types — C
11-5 Default Output Device Characteristics
12-1 Conversion Rules for Data in Query Expressions
12-2 Default Output Device Characteristics
12-3 Default Output Device Characteristics
C-1 Sample Programs in /usr/lib/allbase/hpsql/programs
D-1 ALLBASE/SQL FIPS 127.1 Compliance
D-2 FIPS Syntax Rules and ALLBASE/SQL Exceptions


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