Using the X Window System

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HP Part Number: B1171-90076

Edition: Edition 7

Published: January 1995

© Copyright 1995 Hewlett-Packard.

Table of Contents

Printing History

1 Introduction

Who Should Read this Manual
How This Manual Is Organized
Conventions
For More Information

2 What is the X Window System?

Basic Concepts

The Server-Client Interaction Model
Multi-Tasking
Local and Remote Access

The Parts of a Typical X11 System

Hardware
Software

3 Preliminary Configuration

Do You Need to Read This Chapter?

Finding Your System Directory
Setting the DISPLAY Variable
Making an X0.hosts File
X0.hosts and X0screens Relation
Using an /etc/hosts File

Software Configuration Files

Using Custom Screen Configurations

Creating a Custom `X*screens' File
X0screens Format
Double Buffering
Screen Depth
Mouse Tracking with Multiple Screen Devices
Converting Old X*screens Files
Making a Device Driver File

Using Special Input Devices

How the Server Chooses the Default Keyboard and Pointer
X0devices File
Explicitly Specifying Input Device Use
Explicitly specifying RS-232 Input Device Use
Specifying HP-HIL Input Device Use by Device Type and Position
Specifying HP-HIL Input Device Use by Device File Name
Redefining the HP-HIL Search Path

Customizing for Native Language Support (NLS)

Setting the LANG Environment Variable
Other NLS Environment Variables
Other Language-Dependent Resource Files
Native Language Fonts

4 Using the X Window System

Starting the X Window System

Starting X at Login
Starting X from the Command Line
Command-Line Options for x11start
Starting X on an HP-UX Multi-Display System

What to Expect When X Starts

The Server Creates the Root Window
A Terminal Window Appears on the Root Window
What to Do If X11 Doesn't Start

Exiting From the X Window System

Stopping Application Programs
Stopping the X Window System

5 Application Resources

How Applications Obtain Attributes

Ways to Change Resources

Setting Resources with .Xdefaults

Changing the RESOURCE_MANAGER Property with `xrdb'

Syntax of Resource Specifications

Scope of Resource

Names and Classes of Clients
Naming a Client
Names and Classes of Resources
Name/Class Precedence
Wildcards and Exact Paths

Color Resources

Geometry Resources

Font Resources

6 Using Fonts

Customizing the Font Search Path with `xset'

Listing Available Fonts with `xlsfonts'

Using the X11R5 Font Server

Managing the Font Server's Configuration
Starting the Font Server at Boot Time
XLFD Syntax
Using the XLFD Font Name

The fonts.dir File

The fonts.alias File

Using Alias Names

Bitmapped Font Administration

Adding and Deleting Bitmapped Fonts
Creating a fonts.dir file with `mkfontdir'
Compiling BDF Fonts to PCF Fonts with `bdftopcf'

Scalable Typeface Administration

Overview
Installing and Licensing Scalable Typefaces
Scalable Typefaces File Structure
Using `stmkfont' and `stconv'

7 The Window Manager

Starting and Stopping the Window Manager

Declaring Resources

Parts of a Window Frame
Customizing the Window Frames
Coloring Window Frame Elements
Tiling Window Frames With Pixmaps
Matting Clients
Frame Resources For Monochrome Displays

Controlling Window Size and Placement

Controlling Focus Policies

Specifying a Different Font for the Window Manager

Displaying Titles in Local Languages

Working with Icons

Controlling Icon Placement
Controlling Icon Appearance and Behavior
Coloring and Tiling Icons
Using the Icon Box to Hold Icons

Managing Window Manager Menus

Default Menus
Modifying Menus
Changing the Menu Associated with the Window Menu Button

Mouse Button Bindings

Default Button Bindings
Modifying Button Bindings and Their Functions

Keyboard Bindings

Default Key Bindings
Modifying Keyboard Bindings and Their Functions

Switching Between Default and Custom Behavior

Using the Window Manager with Multiple Screens

Using Resources to Manage Multiple Screens
Specifying Multiple Screens from the Command Line

8 Using the X Clients

Starting Clients and Non-clients

Command-Line Options
Specifying the Display and Screen

Starting Remote Programs

Running Programs Using `rlogin'
Using `remsh' to Start Programs

Stopping Programs

The X Clients

Clients Using Local Language

Terminal Emulation Clients

The `xclock' Client

The `xload' Client

Customizing the Root Window with `xsetroot'

Changing Display Preferences with `xset'

Creating a Custom Color Database with `rgb'

Initializing the Colormap with `xinitcolormap'

Adding and Deleting Hosts with `xhost'

Resetting Environment Variables with `resize'

Getting Window Information with `xwininfo'

9 Customizing the Mouse and Keyboard

Changing Mouse Button Actions

Going Mouseless with the `X*pointerkeys' File

Configuring `X*devices' for Mouseless Operation
The Default Values for the `X*pointerkeys' File
Creating a Custom `X*pointerkeys' File

Customizing Keyboard Input

Modifying Modifier Key Bindings with `xmodmap'
Specifying Key Remapping Expressions
Examples
Printing a Key Map

10 Printing and Screen Dumps

Making and Displaying Screen Dumps

Making a Screen Dump with `xwd'
Displaying a Stored Screen Dump with `xwud'

Printing Screen Dumps

Printing Screen Dumps with `xpr'
Moving and Resizing the Image on the Paper
Printing Multiple Images on One Page
Printing Color Images

11 Using Graphics With X Windows

Window-Smart and Window-Naive Programs

Is My Application Window-Smart or Window-Naive?
Running Window-Smart Programs
Running Window-Naive Programs
Creating a Window with `xwcreate'
Destroying a Window with `xwdestroy'
Destroying a Window with `gwindstop'

Using Transparent Windows

Creating a Transparent Window with `xseethru'
Creating a Transparent Window with `xsetroot'
Creating a Transparent Background Color

A Using the Keyboards

Understanding the Keyboards

Default Keyboard Mapping

Equivalent Keys

Changing Key Mapping

C1429 Keyboard
46021 Keyboard
Comparing the Keyboards

List of Figures

2-1 The Server Controls Display Access.
2-2 Windows, Clients, Menus, and Icons
4-1 The Default X Environment: `mwm' and One Window
6-1 An Environment Without a Font Server
6-2 An Environment With a Font Server
6-3 Font Server Reads Scalable and Bitmapped Fonts
6-4 Chaining Font Servers
6-5 The Same Font at Increasing Weights
6-6 The Same Font with Different Slants
6-7 Font Mirrored Horizontally and Vertically
6-8 The Same Font in Different Sizes
7-1 Frame Elements
7-2 Valid Tile Values
7-3 The Parts of an Icon
7-4 Icon Box
8-1 Digital and Analog Clocks
8-2 The `xload' Client
A-1 Keycap, Keycode, and Keysym Relationships

List of Tables

1-1 Typographical Conventions
1-2 Mouse Buttons and Their Locations
3-1 Default X Configuration
3-2 Setting Environment Variables
3-3 Values for `X*devices' Files.
4-1 Possible X Window System Start Problems
5-1 Example Locations for an 80×24 Terminal Window.
5-2 General Font Resources
7-1 Valid Window Frame Elements
7-2 Window Frames Resources for a Color Display
7-3 Tiling Window Frames with Window Manager Resources
7-4 The Values to Use for Tiling Window Frames
7-5 Coloring Window Frames with Window Manager Resources
7-6 Window Frame Resource Values for Monochrome Monitors
7-7 Refining Your Control with Window Manager Resources
7-8 Controlling Focus Policies with Window Manager Resources
7-9 Controlling Icon Placement with Window Manager Resources
7-10 Schemes for Automatic Placement of Icons
7-11 The Values That Control the Appearance of Icons
7-12 The Maximum and Minimum Sizes for Icon Images
7-13 Image Size Affects Icon Treatment
7-14 Controlling Icon Image Size
7-15 Coloring and Tiling Icon Resources
7-16 Controlling Icons in the Icon Box With a Mouse
7-17 Valid Window Manager Functions
7-18 Built-In Button Bindings
7-19 Additional Button Bindings
7-20 OSF/Motif Window Manager Default Keyboard Bindings
8-1 Initialization and Configuration Clients.
8-2 Window Management Clients.
8-3 Graphics Functions Clients.
8-4 Viewable Services Clients.
8-5 Font Management Clients
8-6 Some Lines from `rgb.txt'.
9-1 Default Mouse Button Mapping.
9-2 Alternative Mouse Button Mappings.
9-3 Pointer Movement Functions.
9-4 Pointer Distance Functions.
9-5 Button Operation Functions.
9-6 Button Mapping Functions.
9-7 Reset and Threshold Functions.
9-8 Button Chording
9-9 Specifying a Portion of a Tablet
9-10 Valid `xmodmap' Expressions.
9-11 Valid Modifier Names.




© 1995 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.