Description |
 |
This section describes the type qualifiers
— volatile
and const.
The volatile
type qualifier directs the compiler not to perform certain optimizations
on an object because that object can have its value altered in ways
beyond the control of the compiler.
Specifically, when an object"s declaration includes
the volatile
type qualifier, optimizations that would delay any references to
(or modifications of) the object will not occur across sequence
points. A sequence point is a point in
the execution process when the evaluation of an expression is complete,
and all side-effects of previous evaluations have occurred.
The volatile
type qualifier is useful for controlling access to memory-mapped
device registers, as well as for providing reliable access to memory
locations used by asynchronous processes.
The const
type qualifier informs the compiler that the object will not be
modified, thereby increasing the optimization opportunities available
to the compiler.
An assignment cannot be made to a constant pointer, but an
assignment can be made to the object to which it points. An assignment
can be made to a pointer to constant data, but not to the object
to which it points. In the case of a constant pointer to constant
data, an assignment cannot be made to either the pointer, or the
object to which it points.
Type qualifiers may be used alone (as the sole declaration-specifier),
or in conjunction with type specifiers, including struct, union, enum,
and typedef.
Type qualifiers may also be used in conjunction with storage-class
specifiers.
Table 3-2 illustrates various declarations using the const
and volatile
type qualifiers.
Table 3-2 Declarations
using const and volatile
Declaration | Meaning |
|---|
volatile int vol_int; | Declares a volatile int variable. |
const int *ptr_to_const_int; int const *ptr_to_const_int; | Both declare a variable pointer to a
constant int. |
int *const const_ptr_to_int | Declares a constant pointer to a variable
int. |
int *volatile vpi, *pi; | Declares two pointers: vpi is a volatile
pointer to an int; pi is a pointer to an int. |
int const *volatile vpci; | Declares a volatile pointer to a constant
int. |
const *pci; | Declares a pointer to a constant int.
Since no type specifier was given, it defaults to int. |
When a type qualifier is used with a variable typed by a typedef
name, the qualifier is applied without regard to the contents of
the typedef.
For example:
typedef int *t_ptr_to_int;
volatile t_ptr_to_int vol_ptr_to_int; |
In the example above, the type of vol_ptr_to_int
is volatile t_ptr_to_int,
which becomes volatile pointer to int.
If the type t_ptr_to_int
were substituted directly in the declaration,
volatile int * ptr_to_vol_int; |
the type would be pointer to volatile int.
Type qualifiers apply to objects, not to types. For example:
typedef int * t;
const t *volatile p; |
In the example above, p
is a volatile pointer to a const
pointer to int.
volatile applies
to the object p,
while const applies
to the object pointed to by p.
The declaration of p
can also be written as follows:
If an aggregate variable such as a structure is declared volatile,
all members of the aggregate are also volatile.
If a pointer to a volatile object is converted to a pointer
to a non-volatile type, and the object is referenced by the converted
pointer, the behavior is undefined.
