HP C/HP-UX Programmer's Guide: HP 9000 Computers

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HP Part Number: B3901-90002

Edition: Ninth Edition

Published: June 2000

Table of Contents

Printing History
About This Manual
Conventions
Related Documents

1 Introduction to HP C

HP C Online Help

Prerequisites for using HP C Online Help
Accessing HP C Online Help
X-Motif CDE Help is obsolete

2 Storage and Alignment Comparisons

Data Type Size and Alignments

The Purpose of Alignment Modes
Alignment Rules
Summary of Alignment Modes

The Alignment Pragmas

The HP_ALIGN Pragma
The PACK Pragma

Aligning Structures Between Architectures

Examples of Structure Alignment on Different Systems

3 Calling Other Languages

Comparing HP C and HP Pascal

Notes on HP C and HP Pascal
Passing Parameters Between HP C and HP Pascal
Linking HP Pascal Routines on HP-UX

Comparing HP C and HP Fortran 90

Notes on HP C and HP Fortran 90
Mixing C and Fortran File I/O
Passing Parameters Between HP C and HP Fortran 90
Linking HP Fortran 90 Routines on HP-UX

Comparing Structured Data Type Declarations

4 Optimizing HP C Programs

Summary of Major Optimization Levels

Supporting Optimization Options

Enabling Basic Optimization

Enabling Different Levels of Optimization

Level 1 Optimization
Level 2 Optimization
Level 3 Optimization
Level 4 Optimization

Changing the Aggressiveness of Optimizations

Enabling Only Conservative Optimizations

Enabling Aggressive Optimizations

Removing Compilation Time Limits When Optimizing

Limiting the Size of Optimized Code

Specifying Maximum Optimization

Combining Optimization Parameters

Summary of Optimization Parameters

Profile-Based Optimization

Instrumenting the Code
Collecting Data for Profiling
Performing Profile-Based Optimization
Maintaining Profile Data Files
Maintaining Instrumented and Optimized Program Files
Profile-Based Optimization Notes

Controlling Specific Optimizer Features

+Olevel=name1[,name2,...nameN]
+O[no]autopar
+O[no]dataprefetch
+O[no]dynsel
+O[no]entrysched
+O[no]extern[=name1,name2,...nameN]
+O[no]fail_safe
+O[no]fastaccess
+O[no]fltacc
+O[no]global_ptrs_unique[=name1,name2 ,...name]
+O[no]initcheck
+O[no]inline[=name1, name2,...nameN]
+Oinline_budget=n
+O[no]libcalls
+O[no]loop_block
+O[no]loop_transform
+O[no]loop_unroll[=unroll factor]
+O[no]loop_unroll_jam
+O[no]moveflops
+O[no]multiprocessor
+O[no]parallel
+O[no]parmsoverlap
+O[no]pipeline
+O[no]procelim
+O[no]promote_indirect_calls
+O[no]ptrs_ansi
+O[no]ptrs_strongly_typed
+O[no]ptrs_to_globals[=name1, name2, ...nameN]
+O[no]regionsched
+Oreusedir=directory
+O[no]regreassoc
+O[no]report=[report_type]
+O[no]sharedgra
+O[no]sideeffects[=name1, name2, ...nameN]
+O[no]signedpointers
+O[no]static_prediction
+O[no]vectorize
+O[no]volatile
+O[no]whole_program_mode

Using Advanced Optimization Options

Level 1 Optimization Modules

Branch Optimization
Dead Code Elimination
Faster Register Allocation
Instruction Scheduler
Peephole Optimizations

Level 2 Optimization Modules

Coloring Register Allocation
Induction Variables and Strength Reduction
Local and Global Common Subexpression Elimination
Constant Folding and Propagation
Loop Invariant Code Motion
Store/Copy Optimization
Unused Definition Elimination
Software Pipelining
Register Reassociation

Level 3 Optimizations

Inlining within a Single Source File
Example of Inlining

Level 4 Optimizations

Inlining Across Multiple Files
Global and Static Variable Optimization

Guidelines for Using the Optimizer

Optimizer Assumptions

Optimizer Pragmas

Optimizer Control Pragmas
Inlining Pragmas
Alias Pragmas

Aliasing Options

Improving Shared Library Performance

HP_NO_RELOCATION Pragma
HP_LONG_RETURN Pragma
HP_DEFINED_EXTERNAL Pragma

Improving Compile and Link Times

5 Programming for Portability

Porting to the 64-bit Architecture

Guidelines for Portability

Examples

Practices to Avoid

General Portability Considerations

Data Type Sizes and Alignments
Accessing Unaligned Data
Checking for Alignment Problems with lint
Ensuring Alignment without Pragmas
Casting Pointer Types
Type Incompatibilities and typedef
Conditional Compilation
Isolating System-Dependent Code with include Files
Parameter Lists
The char Data Type
Register Storage Class
Identifiers
Predefined Symbols
Shift Operators
The sizeof Operator
Bit-Fields
Floating-Point Exceptions
Integer Overflow
Overflow During Conversion from Floating Point to Integral Type
Structure Assignment
Structure-Valued Functions
Dereferencing Null Pointers
Expression Evaluation
Variable Initialization
Conversions between unsigned char or unsigned short and int
Temporary Files ($TMPDIR)
Input/Output
Checking for Standards Compliance

Porting to ANSI Mode HP C

ANSI Mode Compile Option (-Aa)
HP C Extensions to ANSI C (+e)
const and volatile Qualifiers
ANSI Mode Function Prototypes

Using Name Spaces in HP C and ANSI C

HP Header File and Library Implementation of Name Spaces

Silent Changes for ANSI C

Porting between HP C and Domain/C

Porting between HP C and VMS C

Core Language Features
Preprocessor Features
Compiler Environment

Calling Other Languages

Calling Fortran 90
Calling Pascal

6 Migrating C Programs to HP-UX

Migrating an Application
Byte Order
Data Alignment
Unsupported Keywords
Predefined Macro Names
White Space
Hexadecimal Escape Sequence
Invalid Structure References
Leading Underscore
Library Functions
Floating-Point Format
Bit Fields
Data Storage and Alignment
Typedefs

7 Using C Programming Tools

Debugging HP C Programs

Description of C Programming Tools

HP Specific Features of lex and yacc

Directives
Problem Detection

8 Threads and Parallel Processing

Getting Started with Parallelizing C Programs

Transforming Loops for Parallel Execution (+Oparallel)
Setting the Number of Threads Used in Parallel
Determining Idle Thread States
Accessing the Pthreads Library
Profiling Parallelized Programs

Guidelines for Parallelizing C Programs

Conditions Inhibiting Loop Parallelization

Parallel Processing Options

+O[no]autopar
+O[no]dynsel
+O[no]loop_block
+O[no]loop_unroll_jam
+O[no]parallel
+O[no]report[= report_type]
+O[no]sharedgra

Parallel Processing Pragmas

begin_tasks[(attribute_list)]
block_loop[(block_factor=n)]
critical_section[(gate_var)]
dynsel[(trip_count=n)]
end_critical_section
end_ordered_section
end_parallel
end_tasks
loop_parallel[(attribute_list)]
loop_private(namelist)
next_task
no_block_loop
no_distribute
no_dynsel
no_loop_dependence(namelist)
no_loop_transform
no_parallel
no_side_effects(funclist)
ordered_section(gate_var)
parallel[(attribute_list)]
parallel_private(namelist)
prefer_parallel[(attribute_list)]
save_last[(list)]
scalar
task_private(namelist)
Specifying Task Parallelism

Memory Classes

node_private
thread_private

Synchronization Functions

Allocate Functions
Deallocate Functions
Locking Functions
Unlocking Function
Wait Function

List of Figures

1 bit:length Example
2-1 Example of HPUX_WORD/DOMAIN_WORD Alignment for Structure s in 32-bit Mode
2-2 Example of HPUX_NATURAL/DOMAIN_NATURAL Alignment for Structure s
2-3 Example of NOPADDING Alignment for Structure s1
2-4 Example of HPUX_NATURAL/HPUX_NATURAL_S500 Alignment for Structure foo
2-5 Example of NATURAL Alignment for Structure bar
2-6 Example of Structures basic_str and enum_str
2-7 Comparison of HPUX_WORD and HPUX_NATURAL Byte Alignments
2-8 Storage with HP C on the HP 9000 workstations and servers and HP 3000 Series 900
2-9 Storage with HP C on the HP 9000 Series 300/400
2-10 Storage with CCS/C
2-11 Storage on VAX/VMS C
5-1 Mixing Qualifiers and Prototypes Example 1
5-2 Mixing Qualifiers and Prototypes Example 2
5-3 Mixing Qualifiers and Prototypes Example 3
5-4 Mixing Qualifiers and Prototypes Example 4
5-5 HP-UX Name Spaces

List of Tables

1 Printing History
2 Conventions
2-1 Default Alignment Modes on HP-UX Architectures
2-2 Byte Alignment of Structure or Union Members
2-3 Byte Alignment of Bit-fields and Aggregates with Bit-fields
2-4 Alignment Mode Summary
2-5 The HP_ALIGN Pragma Alignment Modes
2-6 PACK Pragma Byte Alignments
2-7 Padding on HP 9000 Workstations and Servers and HP 3000 Series 900
2-8 Padding on the HP 9000 Series 300/400
2-9 Padding with CCS/C
2-10 Padding on VAX/VMS C
3-1 HP C versus HP Pascal Storage Allocation
3-2 HP C versus HP Fortran 90 Storage
4-1 HP C Major Optimization Options
4-2 Other Supporting Optimizations
4-3 HP C Optimization Parameters
4-4 Descriptions of Assembly Language Instructions
4-5 Optimization Level Precedence
4-6 Optimizer Control Pragmas
5-1 Compatibility Rules for Pointer Qualifiers
5-2 Selecting a Name Space in ANSI Mode
5-3 C Interfacing Compatibility




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