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NAMEsignal: signal.h — description of signals DESCRIPTIONThe
<signal.h>
header defines the following symbolic constants, each of which
expands to a distinct constant expression of the type:
whose value matches no declarable function.
- SIG_DFL
Request for default signal handling. - SIG_ERR
Return value from
signal()
in case of error. - SIG_HOLD
Request that signal be held. - SIG_IGN
Request that signal be ignored.
The following data types are defined through
typedef:
- sig_atomic_t
Integral type of an object that can be accessed as an atomic entity,
even in the presence of asynchronous interrupts - sigset_t
Integral or structure type of an object used to represent sets of
signals.
- pid_t
As described in
<sys/types.h>.
This header also declares the constants that are
used to refer to the signals that occur in the
system. Signals defined here begin with the letters
SIG.
Each of the signals have distinct positive integral values. The
value 0 is reserved for use as the null signal (see
kill(2)).
Additional implementation-dependent signals may occur in the system. The following signals are supported on all
implementations (default actions are explained below the table): The macros
SIGRTMIN
and
SIGRTMAX
evaluate to integral expressions,
and specify a range that includes at least
{RTSIG_MAX}
signal numbers that are reserved for application use
and for which the realtime signal extensions are supported
(see
sigaction(2)). The default actions are as follows: - i
Abnormal termination of the process. The
process is terminated with all the consequences of
_exit()
except that the status is made available to
wait()
and
waitpid()
indicates abnormal termination by the specified signal. - ii
Abnormal termination of the process. Additionally,
implementation-dependent abnormal termination actions,
such as creation of a core file, may occur.
- iii
Ignore the signal. - iv
Stop the process. - v
Continue the process, if it is stopped; otherwise ignore the signal.
The header provides a declaration of struct
sigaction,
including at least the following members: The storage occupied by
sa_handler
and
sa_sigaction
may overlap, and a portable program must not use both simultaneously.
The following are declared as constants: - SA_NOCLDSTOP
Do not generate
SIGCHLD
when children stop. - SIG_BLOCK
The resulting set is the union of the current set and the
signal set pointed to by the argument
set. - SIG_UNBLOCK
The resulting set is the intersection of the current set
and the complement of the signal set pointed to by the argument
set. - SIG_SETMASK
The resulting set is the signal set pointed to by the argument
set.
SA_ONSTACK
Causes signal delivery to occur on an alternate stack. - SA_RESETHAND
Causes signal dispositions to be set to
SIG_DFL
on entry to signal handlers. - SA_RESTART
Causes certain functions to become restartable. - SA_SIGINFO
Causes extra information to be passed to signal handlers at the
time of receipt of a signal. - SA_NOCLDWAIT
Causes implementations not to create zombie processes on child death. - SA_NODEFER
Causes signal not to be automatically blocked on entry to
signal handler. - SS_ONSTACK
Process is executing on an alternate signal stack. - SS_DISABLE
Alternate signal stack is disabled. - MINSIGSTKSZ
Minimum stack size for a signal handler. - SIGSTKSZ
Default size in bytes for the alternate signal stack.
The
ucontext_t
structure is defined through
typedef
as described in
<ucontext.h>. The
<signal.h>
header defines the
stack_t
type as a structure that includes at least the following members: The
<signal.h>
header defines the
sigstack
structure that includes at least the following members: The
<signal.h>
header defines the
sigevent
structure that includes at least the following members: The
sigev_notify
member specifies the notification mechanism to use
when an asynchronous event occurs. The following
values are defined for the
sigev_notify
member:
- SIGEV_NONE
No asynchronous notification will be delivered when the
event of interest occurs. - SIGEV_SIGNAL
The signal specified in
sigev_signo
will be generated for the process when the event of
interest occurs. If
SA_SIGINFO
is set for that signal number, then the signal
will be queued to the process, and the value
specified in
sigev_value
will be the
sigev_value
component of the generated signal.
If
SA_SIGINFO
is not set for that signal number,
it is unspecified whether the signal is queued,
and what value, if any, is sent.
The
sigev_signo
member specifies the signal to be generated.
The
sigev_value
member is the application-defined value to be passed
to the signal-catching function at the time of the
signal delivery or to be returned at signal acceptance
as the
si_value
member of the
siginfo_t
structure. The
<signal.h>
header defines
sigval
as a union that includes at least the following members: The
<signal.h>
header defines the
siginfo_t
type as a structure that includes at least the following members: The
si_code
member contains a code identifying the cause of the signal.
The following values are defined for
si_code:
- SI_USER
The signal was sent by
kill().
The
si_code
may be set to
SI_USER
also if the signal was sent by
raise()
or similar functions that are provided
as implementation extensions of
kill(). - SI_QUEUE
The signal was sent by
sigqueue(). - SI_TIMER
The signal was generated by the expiration of
a timer set by
timer_settime(). - SI_ASYNCIO
The signal was generated by the completion of
an asynchronous I/O request. - SI_MESGQ
The signal was generated by the arrival of
a message on an empty message queue.
If the signal was not generated by one of the
functions or events listed above, the
si_code
will be set to an implementation-defined value (see below)
that is not equal to any of the values defined above. If
si_code
is one of
SI_QUEUE,
SI_TIMER,
SI_ASYNCIO,
or
SI_MESGQ,
then
si_value
will contain the application-specified signal value.
Otherwise, the contents of
si_value
are undefined. The macros specified in the Code column of the
following table are defined for use as values of
si_code
that are signal-specific reasons why the signal was generated. Implementations may support additional
si_code
values not included in this list, may generate values included in
this list under circumstances other than those described in this list,
and may contain extensions or limitations that prevent some
values from being generated. Implementations will not generate a
different value from the ones described in this list for
circumstances described in this list. In addition, the following signal-specific information
will be available: For some implementations, the value of
si_addr
may be inaccurate.
The following are declared as functions and may also
be defined as macros:
void (*bsd_signal(int sig, void (*func)(int)))(int);
int kill(pid_t pid, int sig);
int killpg(pid_t pgrp, int sig);
int raise(int sig);
int sigaction(int sig, const struct sigaction
*act, struct sigaction *oact);
int sigaddset(sigset_t *set, int signo);
int sigaltstack(const stack_t *ss, stack_t *oss);
int sigdelset(sigset_t *set, int signo);
int sigemptyset(sigset_t *set);
int sigfillset(sigset_t *set);
int sighold(int sig);
int sigignore(int sig);
int siginterrupt(int sig, int flag);
int sigismember(const sigset_t *set, int signo);
int sigmask(int signum);
void (*signal(int sig, void (*func)(int)))(int);
int sigpause(int sig);
int sigpending(sigset_t *set);
int sigprocmask(int how, const sigset_t *set, sigset_t *oset);
int sigqueue(pid_t pid, int sig, const union sigval value);
int sigrelse(int sig);
void *sigset(int sig, void (*disp)(int)))(int);
int sigstack(struct sigstack *ss,
struct sigstack *oss);
int sigsuspend(const sigset_t *sigmask);
int sigtimedwait(const sigset_t *set, siginfo_t * info,
const struct timespec *timeout);
int sigwait(const sigset_t *set, int *sig);
int sigwaitinfo(const sigset_t *set, siginfo_t * info); APPLICATION USAGEThreads ConsiderationsThe following summarizes the signal model for threads:
A signal mask which specifies the signals blocked from delivery
is associated with each thread. The signal disposition, catch/ignore/default, is a process
attribute and is shared by all threads in the process. If the signal action for a signal specifies termination, stop or
continue, all threads within the process are terminated, stopped
or continued, respectively. This is the case regardless of
whether the signal was directed at the process or a specific
thread within the process. Signals which are generated by some action associated with a
particular thread, such as an invalid pointer dereference, will be
delivered to the thread which caused the generation of the
signal. These signals are referred to as synchronously
generated signals. Signals that are posted to the process by
kill(2)
or some asynchronous event such as terminal activity will be delivered
to exactly one thread in the process which does not block delivery of
the signal; if there is more than one eligible thread, which thread the
signal is delivered to may not be able to be determined by an
application. If all threads in the process block the signal, then the
signal remains pending on the process until a thread unblocks the
signal, issues a
sigwait()
call for the signal or sets the signal disposition to ignore the signal.
These signals are referred to as asynchronously generated signals. A thread can post a signal to a particular thread in the same
process using
pthread_kill().
If the thread which the signal is posted to blocks delivery of the
signal, the signal remains pending on the thread. The
sigpending()
function returns a union of the set of signals pending on the process
and on the calling thread. Each thread may define an alternate signal handling stack.
LWP ConsiderationsA signal mask which specifies the signals blocked from delivery
is associated with each Lightweight Process (LWP). The signal disposition, catch/ignore/default, is a process
attribute and is shared by all LWPs in the process. An LWP can post a signal to a particular LWP in the same process using
lwp_kill().
If the thread which the signal is posted to blocks delivery of the
signal, the signal remains pending on the thread. Each LWP may define an alternate signal handling stack. SEE ALSOalarm(2),
ioctl(2),
kill(2),
sigaction(2),
sigaltstack(2),
siginterrupt(2),
signal(2),
sigpending(2),
sigprocmask(2),
sigstack(2),
sigsuspend(2),
sigwait(2),
wait(2),
waitid(2). CHANGE HISTORYFirst released in Issue 1. Issue 4The following changes are incorporated for alignment
with the ISO POSIX-1 standard:
The function declarations in this header are expanded to full
ISO C prototypes. The DESCRIPTION section is changed:
- -
to define the type
sig_atomic_t - -
to define the syntax of signal names and functions - -
to combine the two tables of constants - -
SIGFPE
is no longer limited to floating-point exceptions, but covers
all erroneous arithmetic operations.
The following change is incorporated for alignment with the ISO C
standard: The
raise()
function is added to the list of functions declared in this header.
Other changes are incorporated as follows: A reference to
<sys/types.h>
is added for the definition of
pid_t.
This is marked as an extension. In the list of signals starting with
SIGCHLD,
the statement "but a system not supporting the
job control option is not obliged to support
the functionality of these signals" is
removed. This is because job control is
defined as mandatory on Issue 4 conforming implementations. Reference to implementation-dependent abnormal
termination routines, such as creation of a core file, in item
ii in the defaults action list is marked as an extension.
Issue 4, Version 2The following changes are incorporated for X/OPEN UNIX conformance: The
SIGTRAP,
SIGBUS,
SIGSYS,
SIGPOLL,
SIGPROF,
SIGXCPU,
SIGXFSZ,
SIGURG,
and
SIGVTALRM
signals are added to the list of signals that will be
supported on all conforming implementations. The
sa_sigaction
member is added to the
sigaction
structure, and a note is added that the storage used by
sa_handler
and
sa_sigaction
may overlap. The
SA_ONSTACK,
SA_RESETHAND,
SA_RESTART,
SA_SIGINFO,
SA_NOCLDWAIT,
SS_ONSTACK,
SS_DISABLE,
MINSIGSTKSZ,
and
SIGSTKSZ
constants are defined. The
stack_t,
sigstack,
and
siginfo
structures are defined. Definitions are given for the
ucontext_t,
stack_t,
sigstack,
and
siginfo_t
types. A table is provided listing macros that are
defined as signal-specific reasons why a signal
was generated. Signal-specific additional information is specified. The
bsd_signal(),
killpg(),
_longjmp(),
_setjmp(),
sigaltstack(),
sighold(),
sigrelse(),
sigset(),
and
sigstack()
functions are added to the list of functions declared in this header.
DESCRIPTIONHP-UX
supports multiple signal interfaces (see
sigaction(2),
signal(2),
sigvector(2),
bsdproc(3C),
and
sigset(3C))
that allow a process to specify the action taken upon
receipt of a signal. All supported signal interfaces require
specification of a signal, as designated by the
Name
and
Number
shown below.
Signal specification can be any of the following except
SIGKILL
or
SIGSTOP,
which cannot be caught or ignored: The letters in the
Notes
column in the table above indicate the action taken
when the signal is received,
and any special conditions on its use:
- A
The default action is to terminate the process. - B
The default action of terminating the process
also generates a core image file if possible. - C
The action is not reset to
SIG_DFL
before calling the signal-catching function. - D
The signal cannot be ignored. - E
The signal cannot be caught. - F
The signal will not be held off from a stopped process. - G
The default action is to ignore the signal. - H
The default action is to stop the process.
All signal interfaces allow specification of an
action
that determines what to do upon the receipt of a signal,
and should be one of the following:
- SIG_DFL
Execute the default action,
which varies depending on the signal as described above:
- A
Terminate the receiving process with all of the consequences outlined in
exit(2). - B
If following conditions are met, generate a core image file (see
core(4))
in the current working directory of the receiving process:
The effective user
ID
and the real user
ID
of the receiving process are equal. The effective group
ID
and the real group
ID
of the receiving process are equal. A regular file named
core
does not exist and can be created, or exists and is writable.
If the file is created, it has the following properties:
The file mode is 0666, modified by the file creation mode mask (see
umask(2)). The file user
ID
is equal to the effective user
ID
of the receiving process. The file group
ID
is equal to the effective group
ID
of the receiving process.
- G
Ignore the signal.
Do not terminate or stop the receiving process. - H
Stop the receiving process.
While a process is stopped, any additional signals sent to the
process are suspended until the process is restarted
(except those marked with Note
F
above, which are processed immediately).
However, when the process is restarted, pending signals are processed.
When a process that is in an orphaned process group (see
glossary(9))
receives a
SIGTSTP,
SIGTTIN,
or
SIGTTOU
signal, the process is not stopped because a process
in an orphaned process group is not allowed to stop.
Instead, a
SIGHUP
signal is sent to the process, and the
SIGTSTP,
SIGTTIN,
or
SIGTTOU
is discarded.
- SIG_IGN
Ignore the signal.
When one of the supported signal interface routines
is used to set the action of a signal to
SIG_IGN
and an instance of the signal is pending, the pending signal is cleared.
- D
Signals marked with Note
D
above cannot be ignored.
- address
Catch the signal.
Upon receipt of the signal, if
signal()
is used to set the action, reset the action for the signal caught to
SIG_DFL
(except signals marked with Note
C).
Then, call the signal-catching function to which
address
points, and resume executing the receiving process
at the point where it was interrupted.
Signal interface routines other than
signal()
normally do not reset the action for the signal caught.
However,
sigaction()
and
sigvector()
provide a way of specifying this behavior (see
sigaction(2)
or
sigvector(2)). The signal-catching function is called with the following three parameters:
- sig
The signal number. - code
A word of information usually provided by the hardware. - scp
A pointer to the machine-dependent structure
sigcontext
defined in
<signal.h>.
Depending on the value of
sig,
code
can be zero and/or
scp
can be
NULL.
The meanings of
code
and
scp
and the conditions determining when they are other than zero or
NULL
are implementation-dependent (see
DEPENDENCIES
below).
It is possible for
code
to always be zero, and
scp
to always be
NULL. The pointer
scp
is valid only during the context of the signal-catching function. Optional parameters can be omitted from the signal-catching function
parameter list, in which case the signal-catching function
is exactly compatible with
UNIX
System V.
Truly portable software should not use the optional parameters
in signal-catching routines. Upon return from the signal-catching function,
the receiving process resumes execution at the point
where it was interrupted. When a signal is caught during the execution of system calls such as
read(),
write(),
open(),
or
ioctl()
on a slow device (such as a terminal, but not a file), during a
pause()
system call or a
wait()
system call that does not return immediately
because a previously stopped or zombie process already exists,
the signal-catching function is executed
and the interrupted system call
returns a -1 to the calling process with
errno
set to
EINTR.
- C
If the signal is marked with Note
C
above, the action is not reset to
SIG_DFL
before calling the signal-catching function.
Furthermore, the action is not reset
if any signal interface routine other than
signal()
was used to set the action.
See the description of signal catching above. - E
If the signal is marked with Note
E
above,
the signal cannot be caught.
When any stop signal
(SIGSTOP,
SIGTSTP,
SIGTTIN,
SIGTTOU)
is generated for a process, pending
SIGCONT
signals for that process are discarded.
Conversely, when
SIGCONT
is generated for a process,
all pending stop signals for that process are discarded.
When
SIGCONT
is generated for a stopped process,
the process is continued, even if the
SIGCONT
signal is blocked or ignored.
If
SIGCONT
is blocked and not ignored, the process remains pending
until it is either unblocked or a stop signal is generated. SIGKILL
is sent by the system if an
exec()
system call is unsuccessful
and the original program has already been deleted. WARNINGSThe signals
SIGCLD
and
SIGPWR
behave differently than those described above. The actions for these signals is modified as follows:
- SIGCLD
Setting the action
for
SIGCLD
to
SIG_IGN
in a parent process prevents exiting children of the calling process
from creating a zombie process.
If the parent process executes the
wait()
function, the calling process blocks
until all of the child processes of the calling processes terminate.
The
wait()
function then returns a value of -1 with
errno
set to
ECHILD
(see
wait(2)). If one of the signal interface routines is used to set the action for
SIGCLD
to be caught (that is, a function address is supplied)
in a process that currently has terminated (zombie) children, a
SIGCLD
signal is delivered to the parent process immediately.
Thus, if the signal-catching function reinstalls itself,
the apparent effect is that any
SIGCLD
signals received due to the death of children
while the function is executing are queued
and the signal-catching function is continually reentered
until the queue is empty.
Note that the function must reinstall itself after it calls
wait(),
wait3(),
or
waitpid().
Otherwise the presence of the child that caused the original signal
causes another signal immediately, resulting in infinite recursion. When processing a pipeline, the Bourne shell (see
sh-bourne(1))
makes the last process in the pipeline
the parent of the preceding processes.
Job control shells including C shell, Korn shell and the
POSIX
shell (see
csh(1),
ksh(1),
and
sh-posix(1))
make the shell itself the parent of all processes in the pipeline.
Therefore, a process that can receive data from a pipe
should not attempt to catch
SIGCLD. - SIGPWR
The
SIGPWR
signal is sent to all processes after a power interruption
when power is restored and the system has done
all necessary reinitialization.
Processes restart by catching (or ignoring)
SIGPWR. Applications that wish to recover from power failures should catch
SIGPWR
and take whatever necessary steps to reinitialize itself. Some implementations do not generate
SIGPWR.
Only systems with nonvolatile memory can recover from power failures.
DEPENDENCIESSeries 700The signal
SIGPWR
is not currently generated. Series 700/800The structure pointer
scp
is always defined. The
code
word is always zero for all signals except
SIGILL
and
SIGFPE.
For
SIGILL,
code
has the following values:
- 8
Illegal instruction trap; - 9
Break instruction trap; - 10
Privileged operation trap; - 11
Privileged register trap.
For
SIGFPE,
code
has the following values:
- 12
Overflow trap; - 13
Conditional trap; - 14
Assist exception trap; - 22
Assist emulation trap.
Refer to the Series 800 processor documentation provided with your system
for more detailed information about the meaning of these errors. The Instruction Address Offset Queue (program counter)
is not advanced when a trap occurs on Series 800 systems.
If a signal generated by a hardware trap is masked or
has its signal action set to
SIG_IGN,
the program loops infinitely since the instruction causing the trap
is re-executed, causing the trap again.
If the signal is received by a signal-catching function
in the user program, the instruction that caused the trap
is re-executed upon return from the signal-catching function
unless program flow is altered by the signal-catching function.
For example, the
longjmp()
routine (see
setjmp(3C))
can be called.
Using
longjmp()
ensures software portability across different hardware architectures. AUTHORsignal
was developed by HP, AT&T, and the University of California, Berkeley. SEE ALSOkill(1),
init(1M),
bsdproc(3C),
exit(2),
kill(2),
lseek(2),
pause(2),
sigaction(2),
signal(2),
sigvector(2),
wait(2),
sigset(3C),
abort(3C),
setjmp(3C). STANDARDS CONFORMANCE<signal.h>: AES, SVID2, SVID3, XPG2, XPG3, XPG4, FIPS 151-2, POSIX.1, ANSI C |
