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HP-UX Reference Volume 5 of 5 > r
routing(7) |
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NAMErouting — system support for local network packet routing DESCRIPTIONThe network facilities for HP-UX provide general packet routing support. Routing table maintenance is handled by application processes. A routing table consists of a set of data structures used by the network facilities to select the appropriate remote host or gateway when transmitting packets. The table contains a single entry for each route to a specific network or host, as displayed by the netstat command with the -r or -rn options (see netstat(1)). Routes that are not valid are not displayed.
The following columns are of particular interest:
The values of the count and destination type fields in the route command determine the presence of the G and H flags in the netstat -r display and thus the route type, as shown in the following table.
SubnetsThe network facilities support variable-length subnetting. An Internet address is made up of a network address portion, and a host address portion of an address of the form: 192.34.17.0 Subnet addresses are defined as a portion of the network's Internet address. This scheme provides for:
A network manager can subdivide the Internet address of the local network into subnets using the host number space. This facility allows several physical networks to share a single Internet address. To allow for this, three Internet classes are defined, each accommodating a different amount of network and host addresses. The address classes are defined by the most significant bit of the binary form of the address. The following table lists the number of networks, nodes, and the address ranges for each address class:
The first 8 bits of a Class A network has network space for only 127, while accommodating the largest number of nodes possible among the classes defined. A single class B network has the network address limitation of 16 bits, and 16 bits to define the nodes. For example, a Class C address space is as follows:
A subnet for a given host is specified with the ifconfig command (see ifconfig(1M)), using the netmask parameter with a 32-bit subnet mask. The default masks for the three classes of Internet addresses are as follows: Class A: 255.0.0.0 Class B: 255.255.0.0 Class C: 255.255.255.0 An example Class C network number is 192.34.17.0. The last field specifies the host number. Thus, all hosts with the prefix 192.34.17 are recognized as being on the same logical and physical network. If subnets are not in use, the default mask used is 255.255.255.0. If subnets are used and the 8-bit host field is partitioned into 3 bits of subnet and 5 bits of host as in the above example, then the subnet mask would be 255.255.255.192. If a host has multiple interfaces, then it can belong to different subnets. Unlike the past releases, the subnets can have different sizes even if they may have the same network address. This is accomplished by using a different netmask on each of the host interfaces. For example, the lan1 and lan2 interface shown in the netstat tables above are connected to two distinct subnets of the same network, 147.253. The subnet that lan1 belongs to can have at most 14 hosts, because its netmask is 255.255.255.240. Note, the host portion of those IP addresses in the subnet cannot be all 1's or all 0's, therefore this subnet cannot support 16 hosts, but only 14 hosts instead. The subnet that lan2 belongs to can have up to 510 hosts, because its netmask is 255.255.254.0. SupernetsA supernet is a collection of smaller networks. Supernetting is a technique of using the netmask to aggregate a collection of smaller networks into a supernet. This technique is particularly useful for class C networks. A Class C network can only have 254 hosts. This can be too restrictive for some companies. For these companies, a netmask that only contains a portion of the network part can be applied to the hosts in these class C networks to form a supernet. This supernet netmask should be applied to those interfaces that connect to the supernet using the ifconfig command (see ifconfig(1M)). For example, a host can configure its interface to connect to a class C supernet, 192.6, by configuring an IP address of 192.6.1.1 and a netmask of 255.255.0.0 to its interface. Routing AlgorithmThe routing table entries are of three types:
To select a route for forwarding an IP packet, the network facilities select the complete set of "matching" routing table entries from the routing table. A routing table entry is considered a match, if the result of the bit-wise AND operation between the netmask in the routing entry and the IP packet's destination address equals to the destination address in the routing entry. The network facilities then select from the set the routing entries that have the longest netmask. The length of a netmask is defined as the number of contiguous 1 bits starting from the leftmost bit position in the 32-bit netmask field. In other words, the network facilities select the routing entry that specifies the narrowest range of IP addresses. For example, the host route entry that has a destination/netmask pair of (147.253.56.1, 0xffffffff), is more specific than the network route entry that has a destination/netmask pair of (147.253.56.0, 0xfffffe00), therefore the network facilities select the host route entry. The default route by default has a destination/netmask pair of (0,0). Therefore the default route matches all destinations but it is also the least specific. The default route will be selected only if there is not a more specific route. There may still be multiple routing entries remaining. In that case the IP packet is routed over the first entry displayed by netstat -r. Such multiple routes include:
A superuser can change entries in the table by using the route command (see route(1M), or by information received in Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) redirect messages. |
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