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Glossary (Continued)
Fixed File Attributes
Information about a file which is established when a file is created and
cannot subsequently be changed during the existence of the file. These
attributes include the organization of the file (sequential, relative, or
indexed), the prime record key, the alternate record keys, the code set,
the minimum and maximum record size, the record type (fixed or variable),
the collating sequence of the keys for indexed files, the maximum and
minimum physical record size, the padding character, and the record
delimiter.
Fixed Format Mode
The default manner in which data entry is made to numeric and
numeric-edited screen fields. This mode formats and echoes the entered
data and also moves the cursor in accordance with the requirements of the
field's picture specification, as each keystroke is received. Characters
other than "+", "-", and the decimal point character, are rejected;
insertion characters in edited fields are skipped over as the cursor
moves backwards and forwards; any sign indicator is modified in
accordance with its normal specification; floating symbols move left and
right in the field, and insertion symbols appear and disappear as digits
are inserted or deleted.
Floating-point Data Item
A number representation in which:
1. Each number is represented by two sequences of digits, the
mantissa and the exponent, and
2. Each number equals one of those sequences of digits, the mantissa,
multiplied by the value obtained by raising ten to the power
represented by the other sequence of digits, the exponent.
Floating-point Literal
A quantity, in floating point representation, that has a base of ten and
is written as a signed fixed-point numeric literal that must have a
decimal point in any character position (the mantissa), immediately
followed by the letter "E", which is, in turn, immediately followed by a
signed fixed-point numeric literal that does not contain a decimal point
(the exponent).
Format
A specific arrangement of a set of data.
Free Format Mode
An alternative manner in which data entry can be made to numeric and
numeric-edited screen fields. The default mode is fixed format mode (see
above entry). This configurable mode allows data to be keyed into a PIC
X field of appropriate length, and it is only when the operator leaves
the field that the data is reformatted to comply with the picture
specification. Once the operator moves the cursor from the field, your
COBOL system disregards all characters other than digits and the sign and
decimal point symbols. It then extracts, stores, or reformats the
numeric value in accordance with the normal COBOL rules for a MOVE to an
item with the same picture as the screen or working-storage item. The
numeric value is then usually echoed to the screen.
Function
A temporary data item whose value is determined by invoking a mechanism
provided by the implementor at the time the function is referenced during
the execution of a statement.
Function-identifier
A syntactically correct combination of character-strings and separators
that references a function. The data item represented by a function is
uniquely identified by a function-name with its arguments, if
any. A function-identifier can include a reference-modifier. A
function-identifier that references an alphanumeric function can be
specified anywhere in the general formats that an identifier can be
specified, subject to certain restrictions. A function-identifier that
references an integer or numeric function can be referenced anywhere in
the general formats that an arithmetic expression can be specified.
Function-name
A word that names a mechanism provided by the implementor to determine
the value of a function.
Group Item
A named contiguous set of elementary items.
High Order End
The leftmost character of a string of characters.
I-O-control
The name of an Environment Division paragraph in which object program
requirements for specific input/output techniques, rerun points, sharing
of same areas by several data files, and multiple file storage on a
single input/output device are specified.
I-O Mode
The state of a file after execution of an OPEN statement, with the
I-Ophrase specified for that file, and before the execution of a CLOSE
statement for that file.
Identifier
A syntactically correct combination of character-strings and separators
that names a data item. When referencing a data item which is not a
function, an identifier consists of a data-name, together with its
qualifiers, subscripts, and reference-modifier, as required for
uniqueness of reference. When referencing a data item which is a
function, a function-identifier is used. The rules for "identifier"
associated with general formats can, however, specifically prohibit
reference to functions, qualification, subscripting, or reference
modification.
Imperative Statement
A statement that begins with an imperative verb and specifies an
unconditional action to be taken. An imperative statement can consist of
a sequence of imperative statements.
Implicit Attribute
Any attribute which has not been explicitly specified.
Implicit Scope Terminator
A separator period which terminates the scope of any preceding
unterminated statement, or a phrase of a statement which by its
occurrence indicates the end of the scope of any statement contained
within the preceding phrase.
Implicit Segment
A segment created by your COBOL system to control the size of code
segments.
Index
A computer storage position or register, the contents of which represent
the identification of a particular element in a table.
Index Data Item
A data item in which the value associated with an index-name can be
stored.
Index-name
A user-defined word that names an index associated with a specific table.
Indexed Data-name
An identifier that is composed of a data-name, followed by one or more
index-names enclosed in parentheses.
Indexed File
A file with indexed organization.
Indexed Organization
The permanent logical file structure in which each record is identified
by the value of one or more keys within that record.
Indicator Area
The leftmost parameter position of a COBOL source record that indicates
the use of the record.
Input Field
A screen item whose description contains a TO phrase.
Input File
A file that is opened in the input mode.
Input Mode
The state of a file after execution of an OPEN statement, with the INPUT
phrase specified for that file, and before the execution of a CLOSE
statement for that file.
Input-Output File
A file that is opened in the I-O mode.
Input-Output Section
The section of the Environment Division that names the files and the
external media used by a program and which provides information required
for transmission and handling of data during execution of the run-time
program.
Input Procedure
A set of statements that is executed each time a record is released to
the sort file.
Integer
1. A numeric literal that does not include any digit positions to the
right of the decimal point.
2. A numeric data item defined in the Data Division that does not
include any digit positions to the right of the decimal point.
Where the term "integer" appears in the general formats, integer must be
a numeric literal which is an integer, and must be neither signed nor
zero unless explicitly allowed by the rules of that format.
Integer Function
A function whose category is numeric and whose definition provides that
all digits to the right of the decimal point are zero in the returned
value for any possible evaluation of the function.
Internal Data
The data described in a program excluding all external data items and
external file connectors. Items described in the linkage section of a
program are treated as internal data.
Internal File Connector
A file connector which is accessible only to one object program in a run
unit.
Invalid Key Condition
A condition, at object time, caused when a specified value of the key
associated with an indexed or relative file is determined to be invalid.
Key
A data item which identifies the location of a record, or a set of data
items which serve to identify the ordering of data.
Key of Reference
The key currently being used to access records within an indexed file.
Key Word
A reserved word or function-name whose presence is required when the
format in which the word appears is used in a source program.
Language-name
A system-name that specifies a particular programming language.
Level Indicator
Two alphabetic characters that identify a specific type of file or a
position in hierarchy.
Level-number
A user-defined word which indicates the position of a data item in the
hierarchical structure of a logical record or which indicates special
properties of a data description entry. A level-number is expressed as a
one or two digit number. Level-numbers in the range 1 through 49
indicate the position of a data item in the hierarchical structure of a
logical record. Level-numbers in the range 1 through 9 can be written
either as a single digit or as a zero followed by a significant digit.
Level-numbers 66, 77, 78 and 88 identify special properties of a data
description entry.
Library-name
A user-defined word that names a COBOL library source file that is to be
used by your COBOL system during creation of the object code.
Library-text
A sequence of character-strings and/or separators in a COBOL library.
Line Sequential File Organization
A type of sequential file containing variable length records in the
format of text files produced by the host operating system.
Linkage Section
The section in the Data Division of the called program that describes
data items available from the calling program. These data items can be
referred to by both the calling and the called programs.
Literal
A character-string whose value is implied by the ordered set of
characters comprising the string.
Literal Field
An elementary screen item whose description contains no PICTURE clause.
Logical Operator
One of the reserved words AND, OR or NOT. In the formation of a
condition, both or either of ANDand ORcan be used as logical connections.
NOT can be used for logical negation.
Logical Record
The most inclusive data item. The level-number for a record is 01.
Low Order End
The rightmost character of a string of characters.
MCS
See Message Control System.
Merge File
A collection of records to be merged by a MERGE statement. The merge
file is created and can be used only by the merge function.
Message
Data associated with an end of message indicator or an end of group
indicator. (See Message Indicators.)
Message Control System (MCS)
A communication control system that supports the processing of messages
to and from terminal devices.
Message Count
The count of the number of complete messages that exist in the designated
queue of messages.
Message Indicators
EGI (end of group indicator), EMI (end of message indicator), and ESI
(end of segment indicator) are conceptual indications that serve to
notify the MCS that a specific condition exists (end of group, end of
message, end of segment). Within the hierarchy of EGI, EMI, and ESI, an
EGI is conceptually equivalent to an ESI, EMI, and EGI. An EMI is
conceptually equivalent to an ESI and EMI. Thus, a segment can be
terminated by an ESI, EMI, or EGI. A message can be terminated by an EMI
or EGI.
Message Segment
Data that forms a logical subdivision of a message normally associated
with an end of segment indicator. See Message Indicators.
Mixed literal
A nonnumeric literal that includes DBCS characters.
Mnemonic-name
A user-defined word that is associated in the Environment Division with a
specified implementor-name.
Native Character Set
The implementor-defined character set
associated with the computer specified in the OBJECT-COMPUTER paragraph.
Native Collating Sequence
The default collating sequenceassociated with the computer specified in
the OBJECT-COMPUTER paragraph.
Negated Combined Condition
The "NOT", logical operator immediately followed by a parenthesized
combined condition.
Negated Simple Condition
The "NOT" logical operator immediately followed by a simple condition.
Next Executable Sentence
The next sentence to which control will be transferred after execution of
the current statement is complete.
Next Executable Statement
The next statement to which control will be transferred after execution
of the current statement is complete.
Next Record
The record which logically follows the current record of a file.
Noncontiguous Items
Elementary data items, in the Working-Storage, Local-Storage and Linkage
Sections, which bear no hierarchic relationship to other data items.
Nonnumeric Item
A data item whose description permits its contents to be composed of any
combination of characters taken from the computer's character set.
Certain categories of non-numeric items can be formed from more
restricted character sets.
Nonnumeric Literal
A character-string bounded by quotation marks. The string of characters
can include any character in the computer's character set. To represent
a single quotation mark character within a nonnumeric literal, two
contiguous quotation marks must be used.
Numeric Character
A character that belongs to the following set of digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
Numeric Function
A function whose class and category are numeric but which for some
possible evaluation does not satisfy the requirements of an integer
function.
Numeric Item
A data item whose description restricts its contents to a value
represented by characters chosen from the digits 0 through 9; if signed,
the item can also contain a "+", "-" , or other representation of an
operational sign.
Numeric Literal
A literal composed of one or more numeric characters that also can
contain either a decimal point or an algebraic sign, or both. The
decimal point must not be the rightmost character. The algebraic sign,
if present, must be the leftmost character.
Object-Computer
The name of an Environment Division paragraph in which the computer
environment, within which the run-time program is executed, is described.
Object Time
The time at which a COBOL source program is translated by your COBOL
system to an intermediate code program.
Open Mode
The state of a file after execution of an OPEN statement for that file
and before the execution of a CLOSE statement for that file. The
particular open mode is specified in the OPEN statement as either INPUT,
OUTPUT, I-O or EXTEND.
Operand
Whereas the general definition of operand is "that component which is
operated upon", for the purposes of this publication, any lowercase word
(or words) that appears in a statement or entry format can be considered
to be an operand and, as such, is an implied reference to the data
indicated by the operand.
Operational Sign
An algebraic sign, associated with a numeric data item or a numeric
literal, to indicate whether its value is positive or negative.
Optional Word
A reserved word that is included in a specified format only to improve
the readability of the language and whose presence is optional to the
user when the format in which the word appears is used in a source
program.
Output Field
A screen item whose description contains a FROM phrase.
Output File
A file that is opened in either the output mode or extend mode.
Output Mode
The state of a file after execution of an OPEN statement, with the OUTPUT
or EXTEND phrase specified for that file and before the execution of a
CLOSE statement for that file.
Output Procedure
A set of statements to which control is given during execution of a SORT
statement after the sort function is completed, or during execution of a
MERGE statement after the merge function has selected the next record in
merged order.
Paragraph
In the Identification and Environment Divisions, a paragraph header
followed by zero, one, or more entries. In the Procedure Division, a
paragraph-name followed by a period and a space and optionally by one or
more sentences.
Paragraph Header
A reserved word, followed by a period and a space that indicates the
beginning of a paragraph in the Identification and Environment Divisions.
The permissible paragraph headers are: In the Identification Division:
PROGRAM-ID.
AUTHOR.
INSTALLATION.
DATE-WRITTEN.
DATE-COMPILED.
SECURITY.
REMARKS.
In the Environment Division:
SOURCE-COMPUTER.
OBJECT-COMPUTER.
SPECIAL-NAMES.
FILE-CONTROL.
I-O-CONTROL.
Paragraph-name
A user-defined word that identifies and begins a paragraph in the
Procedure Division.
Phrase
A phrase is an ordered set of one or more consecutive COBOL
character-strings that form a portion of a COBOL procedural statement or
of a COBOL clause.
Physical Record
See Block.
Pointer Item
An elementary data item to which a USAGE IS POINTERor
PROCEDURE-POINTERclause applies.
Prime Record Key
A key whose contents uniquely identify a record within an indexed file.
Procedure
A paragraph or group of logically successive paragraphs, or a section or
group of logically successive sections, within the Procedure Division.
Procedure-name
A user-defined word which is used to name a paragraph or section in the
Procedure Division. It consists of a paragraph-name or a section-name.
Program-name
A user-defined word that identifies a COBOL source program.
Prompt Character
The character used to mark empty character positions in a screen item.
Pseudo-text
A sequence of character-strings and/or separators bounded by, but not
including, pseudo-text delimiters.
Pseudo-text Delimiter
Two contiguous equal sign (=) characters used to delimit pseudo-text.
Punctuation Character
A character that belongs to the following set:
Character Meaning
, Comma
; Semicolon
. Period
" Quotation Mark
( Left Parenthesis
) Right Parenthesis
Space
= Equal Sign
' Apostrophe
: Colon
& Ampersand