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SPECIAL-NAMES Paragraph The SPECIAL-NAMES paragraph allows you to relate certain[REV BEG] COBOL-supplied feature, switch, or device names[REV END] to mnemonic names. By specifying these mnemonic names in your program, you can invoke these functions. It allows you to relate the alphabet name specified in the PROGRAM COLLATING SEQUENCE clause to a particular collating sequence or character set, and to define other collating sequences with different alphabet names. The SPECIAL-NAMES paragraph also allows you to specify symbolic characters and to relate class names to sets of characters. SyntaxParameters [REV BEG] feature-name-1 a COBOL reserved word having a specific meaning. Table 6-1 lists these feature names and describes their meanings. switch-name-1 a COBOL reserved word having a specific meaning. Table 6-1 lists these switch names and describes their meanings. device-name-1 a COBOL reserved word having a specific meaning. Table 6-1 lists these device names and describes their meanings.[REV END] mnemonic-name-1 and names you choose to represent[REV BEG] mnemonic-name-2 feature-name-1, switch-name-1, or device-name-1[REV END] within your program. These names can be any valid user-defined COBOL words. condition-name-1 and each are any valid user-defined COBOL words. condition-name-2 alphabet-name-1 either the name (if any) specified in the PROGRAM COLLATING SEQUENCE clause of the OBJECT-COMPUTER paragraph, or any valid user-defined COBOL word. literal-1 through are each nonnumeric or numeric literals. If literal-5 any such literal is a numeric literal, it must be a positive integer from the range 1 to 256. If any nonnumeric literal is used in a THROUGH or ALSO phrase, it must be only one character long. Note that no ASCII character can be specified more than one time as a literal in any given ALPHABET clause. Literals 1 through 5 must not be nonnumeric figurative constants. ANSI COBOL'85 allows literals 1 through 5 to be figurative constants. STANDARD-1 and represent the ASCII collating sequence. STANDARD-2 NATIVE currently defined as representing the ASCII collating sequence. However, it may be changed to represent another character set (for example, the KATAKANA character set). EBCDIC specifies that the EBCDIC collating sequence is to be used. Note that this does not enable any conversion of data. It only allows data to be (for example) sorted or merged according to the EBCDIC collating sequence. EBCDIK specifies the Japanese version of the EBCDIC collating sequence. literal-6 a single character, chosen from a specific set. This set is shown later in this chapter, when the CURRENCY SIGN clause is described. THROUGH and THRU are equivalent and may be used interchangeably. symbolic- character-1 a name you choose to represent the user-defined constant within your program. This name can be any valid user-defined COBOL word. integer-1 the ordinal position specified by integer-1 must exist in the ASCII character set. If the IN phrase is specified, the ordinal position must exist in the character set named by alphabet-name-2. alphabet-name-2 the name specified in the ALPHABET clause of the SPECIAL-NAMES paragraph. class-name-1 a name you choose to represent a user-defined class; this name can be any valid user-defined COBOL word. Each clause of the SPECIAL-NAMES paragraph is described on the following pages.
NOTE The SPECIAL-NAMES clause must follow the order shown in the syntax diagram.
[REV BEG] Feature-name, Switch-name, or Device-name Clause [REV END] [REV BEG] In the Feature-name, Switch-name, or Device-name clause,[REV END] you relate various COBOL functions to mnemonic names used in your program. You do this by equating the specific function name to the desired mnemonic name. Syntax.Parameters. [REV BEG] feature-name-1 a COBOL reserved word having a specific meaning. Table 6-1 lists these feature names and describes their meanings. switch-name-1 a COBOL reserved word having a specific meaning. Table 6-1 lists these switch names and describes their meanings. device-name-1 a COBOL reserved word having a specific meaning. Table 6-1 lists these device names and describes their meanings.[REV END] mnemonic-name-1 and names you choose to represent[REV BEG] mnemonic-name-2 feature-name-1, switch-name-1, or device-name-1 within[REV END] your program. These names can be any valid user-defined COBOL words. condition-name-1 and each are any valid user-defined COBOL words. condition-name-2 Description. The feature, switch, and device names and corresponding functions are listed in Table 6-1 . All names except the software switches (SW0 through SW15) and the CONDITION-CODE feature may be referenced by using the assigned mnemonic-name in the ACCEPT, DISPLAY, or WRITE statements of the PROCEDURE DIVISION. The CONDITION-CODE feature is related to the special MPE intrinsic relation condition. Refer to the description of relation conditions in Chapter 8 for more information. Table 6-1. HP COBOL II Feature, Switch, and Device Names --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | | Feature Name | Function | | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | | CONDITION-CODE | Refers to condition codes returned by operating | | | system intrinsics when they have been called | | | through the CALL statement. | | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | | NO SPACE CONTROL | When included in the ADVANCING clause of the | | | WRITE statement, this prevents the line printer | | | from advancing vertically or horizontally. | | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | | TOP | When included in the ADVANCING clause of the | | | WRITE statement, the mnemonic name assigned to | | | TOP causes the line printer to perform a page | | | eject. | | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | | C01 | Used in the ADVANCING clause of the WRITE | | through | statement for sequential files. Each directs | | C16 | the line printer to skip to a particular | | | channel (1 through 16) on the carriage control | | | tape. Refer to Chapter 9 for details. | | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | | Switch Name | Function | | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | | SW0 | Refer to software switches associated with | | through | condition names. (Software switches are | | SW15 | described in the next section of this chapter.) | | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | | Device Name | Function | | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | | SYSIN | Refers to the operating system standard input | | | device. In an interactive session, this is | | | your terminal. In a batch job, it is either | | | the card reader or operator's console. | | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | | SYSOUT | Refers to the operating system standard output | | | device. In an interactive session, this is | | | your terminal. In a batch job, it is the line | | | printer[REV BEG] | | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | | CONSOLE | Refers to the computer operator's console (not | | | your terminal).[REV END] | | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Software Switches. The software switches are external switches known to COBOL, the status of which is available to each object program functioning within the entire run unit. Each of the 16 software switches (SW0 through SW15) used in a given program has at least one condition name associated with it. A condition name and the SET statement are the means by which you can reference one of these switches. For example, ENVIRONMENT DIVISION. CONFIGURATION SECTION. SOURCE-COMPUTER. HPCOMPUTER OBJECT-COMPUTER. HPCOMPUTER SPECIAL-NAMES. SW0 IS SORT-SWITCH ON STATUS IS SORT-ON. PROCEDURE DIVISION. : IF SORT-ON THEN CALL "SORTER". : In the above example, the actual reference to SW0 is done in the IF statement in the PROCEDURE DIVISION, where SORT-ON is tested in a condition name condition. (Chapter 8 has information on condition name conditions.) If SORT-ON is in an "on" condition, the subprogram SORTER is called. If it is in an "off" condition, the next executable sentence is executed. Software switches are always considered to be OFF at the beginning of the execution of a program unless you turn them on before execution begins. To turn switches on or off after execution begins, use the SET statement. Refer to Appendix H , "MPE XL System Dependencies", for information on setting software switches before execution begins. Line Printer Features. The TOP, NO SPACE CONTROL, and C01 through C16 switches are all related to line printer control. Since there is no way for a COBOL II program to explicitly check for the condition of a line printer, you cannot use condition names with these functions. You must, however, specify mnemonic names for these functions if you intend to reference them later in your program. For example: SPECIAL-NAMES. TOP IS TOP-OF-FORM, C09 IS TO-END-OF-FORM. : PROCEDURE DIVISION. : WRITE REC-OUT FROM FOOT-NOTE AFTER ADVANCING TO-END-OF-FORM. : WRITE REC-OUT FROM TITLE AFTER ADVANCING TOP-OF-FORM. : CONDITION-CODE Features. The CONDITION-CODE function allows you to check the condition code returned by MPE intrinsics. This function is itself a form of conditional variable, with an integer value. Thus, no condition name can be associated with it, and a mnemonic name must be used if you wish to check condition codes returned by intrinsics called from your program. Refer to the section on relation conditions in Chapter 8 for an example and more information. SYSIN, SYSOUT, and CONSOLE Devices. The SYSIN, SYSOUT, and CONSOLE functions are used in the ACCEPT and DISPLAY statements of the PROCEDURE DIVISION. Since these names refer to terminals, line printers, card readers, and the operator's console, you cannot associate condition names with them. Also, because of the formats of the ACCEPT and DISPLAY statements, you need not specify mnemonic names for them in the SPECIAL-NAMES paragraph. You may, however, choose to do so. Refer to the ACCEPT and DISPLAY statement descriptions in Chapter 9 for more information. ALPHABET Clause The ALPHABET clause has three functions: 1. To define a program collating sequence to be used in sort and merge operations, and nonnumeric comparisons. 2. To define an alphabet name and relate this name to either the ASCII, EBCDIK, or the EBCDIC collating sequence. This alphabet name can later be used in the CODE-SET clause of the DATA DIVISION to specify whether records of a sequential file are written in ASCII or EBCDIC code. 3. To define an alternate collating sequence separate from the program collating sequence to be used (optionally) in sort and merge operations. Syntax. The ALPHABET clause has the following format:Parameters. alphabet-name-1 either the name (if any) specified in the PROGRAM COLLATING SEQUENCE clause of the OBJECT-COMPUTER paragraph, or any valid user-defined COBOL word. literal-1 through each are alphabetic or numeric literals. If any such literal-3 literal is a numeric literal, it must be a positive integer from the range 1 to 256. If any nonnumeric literal is used in a THROUGH or ALSO phrase, it must be only one character long. Note that no ASCII character can be specified more than one time as a literal in any given ALPHABET clause. STANDARD-1 and represents the ASCII collating sequence. STANDARD-2 NATIVE represents the ASCII collating sequence. EBCDIC specifies that the EBCDIC collating sequence is to be used. Note that this does not enable conversion of data. It only allows data to be (for example) sorted or merged according to the EBCDIC collating sequence. EBCDIK specifies the Japanese version of the EBCDIC collating sequence. THROUGH and THRU equivalent and may be used interchangeably. To define a program collating sequence, you must relate the alphabet-name specified in the PROGRAM COLLATING SEQUENCE clause of the OBJECT-COMPUTER paragraph to either the words NATIVE, STANDARD-1, STANDARD-2, EBCDIC, EBCDIK, or a list of literals. STANDARD-1 and STANDARD-2 refer to the ASCII collating sequence, which is used on all HP computer systems. Therefore, you need not specify alphabet-name in either the PROGRAM COLLATING SEQUENCE clause or the SPECIAL-NAMES paragraph if this is your choice for a program collating sequence. STANDARD-1, STANDARD-2 and NATIVE Phrases. To specify the ASCII collating sequence used on HP computer systems, enter either the STANDARD-1, STANDARD-2, or NATIVE phrase in the ALPHABET clause. For example, SPECIAL-NAMES. ALPHA-NAME IS STANDARD-1.
NOTE Although NATIVE is currently defined as being the ASCII collating sequence, it may be changed in future releases of HP COBOL II. Thus, to avoid the possibility of having to change your program in the future, you should always use the STANDARD-1 or STANDARD-2 phrase, rather than the NATIVE phrase.
EBCDIC and EBCDIK Phrases. To specify the EBCDIC collating sequence, enter EBCDIC in the ALPHABET clause: SPECIAL-NAMES. ALPHA-NAME IS EBCDIC. To specify the Japanese version of the EBCDIC collating sequence, use EBCDIK. LITERAL Phrase. The literal phrase allows you to rearrange the ASCII collating sequence to suit your needs. However, if you specify the literal phrase in an ALPHABET clause, you may not reference that name in a CODE-SET clause. Defining Your Own Collating Sequence. To define your own collating sequence, you must follow the rules listed below. 1. If you specify a nonnumeric literal, it represents the equivalent character in the ASCII collating sequence. For instance, the literal "A" represents an ASCII A. If the literal consists of several characters, each character is assigned successive ascending positions in the collating sequence, beginning with the leftmost character. For example, ALPHA-NAME IS "0A9B8C7D". Results in the following collating sequence: 0 A 9 B 8 C 7 D : 2. If you specify a numeric literal, it represents the ordinal number of the corresponding character in the ASCII collating sequence. Therefore, if you specify 66, this represents the 66th character in the ASCII collating sequence--an uppercase A. 3. The order in which the literals appear in the ALPHABET clause determines, in ascending sequence, the ordinal numbers of the corresponding characters in the new collating sequence. 4. Any ASCII characters not explicitly specified in the literal phrase assume positions in the new collating sequence numerically higher than any explicitly specified characters. The relative order of the unspecified characters, with respect to each other, is the same as in the ASCII collating sequence. 5. If you use the THROUGH phrase, the new collating sequence consists of contiguous characters from the ASCII character set, beginning with the value of literal-1 and ending with the value of literal-2. These characters are assigned successive ascending positions in the new character set. As an example, the following ALPHABET clause creates a collating sequence consisting of all uppercase alphabetic characters (letters) from the ASCII collating sequence: ALPHA-NAME IS "A" THROUGH "Z" With the THROUGH phrase, you can also specify and assign ASCII characters in descending sequence: ALPHA-NAME IS "Z" THROUGH "A". _________________________________________________________________ NOTE If a nonnumeric literal is used in a THROUGH phrase, it must be only one character long. _________________________________________________________________ 6. If you use the ALSO phrase, the ASCII characters specified by literal-1 and literal-3 are assigned to the same relative positions in the new collating sequence. If you use a nonnumeric literal in an ALSO phrase, it must be only one character long. 7. The character with the highest ordinal position in the new collating sequence may be referenced by the figurative constant, HIGH-VALUE. If more than one character shares the highest ordinal position, the last character specified in the ALPHABET clause is referenced by HIGH-VALUE. 8. The character with the lowest ordinal position in the new collating sequence may be referenced by the figurative constant LOW-VALUE. If more than one character shares the lowest ordinal position, the first character specified in the ALPHABET clause is referenced by LOW-VALUE. [REV BEG] 9. Within the SPECIAL-NAMES paragraph, the figurative constants HIGH-VALUE and LOW-VALUE are those positions in the native collating sequence, ASCII. If you redefine HIGH-VALUE or LOW-VALUE in the SPECIAL-NAMES paragraph, the new values will not take effect until after the SPECIAL-NAMES paragraph.[REV END] Example ENVIRONMENT DIVISION. CONFIGURATION SECTION. OBJECT-COMPUTER. HP3000 PROGRAM COLLATING SEQUENCE IS ASCII. SPECIAL-NAMES. ASCII IS STANDARD-1 IBMCODE IS EBCDIC SORT-SEQ IS "A" THROUGH "Z" "a" THROUGH "z". DATA DIVISION. FILE SECTION. FD EBCDICIN CODE-SET IS IBMCODE. : FD EBCDOUT CODE-SET IS IBMCODE. : PROCEDURE DIVISION. SORT SFILE ON ASCENDING LEFT-CHR COLLATING SEQUENCE IS SORT-SEQ USING INFILE GIVING OUTFILE. SORT SFILE ON ASCENDING LEFT-CHAR COLLATING SEQUENCE IS IBMCODE USING EBCDICIN OUTPUT PROCEDURE IS SORT-OUT-PARA THROUGH END-OUT. : SORT-OUT-PARA. GET-NEXT-REC. RETURN SFILE INTO CHK-REC AT END GOTO END-OUT. IF DATA-FIELD-2 OF CHK-REC IS NOT ALPHABETIC THEN DISPLAY "ERROR IN SORTED RECORD " DISPLAY CHK-REC ELSE MOVE CHK-REC TO EBCDOUT. GO GET-NEXT-REC. END-OUT. In the above example, the program collating sequence is specified as STANDARD-1. Because this is the default, the PROGRAM COLLATING SEQUENCE clause and the ASCII IS STANDARD-1 phrase serve only as documentation. The alphabet-name, IBMCODE is used in two file description entries to indicate that the records of the files EBCDICIN and EBCDOUT are in EBCDIC code. Thus, when the records are read in, they are translated to ASCII, and when they are written out, they are translated back to EBCDIC. The use of IBMCODE in the second SORT statement causes the ASCII records of SFILE (obtained from EBCDICIN) to be sorted using the EBCDIC collating sequence. Since EBCDOUT also names IBMCODE as its code-set, the sorted records are translated back from ASCII to EBCDIC when they are written to EBCDOUT. Thus, the result of this sorting operation is an EBCDIC file sorted with the EBCDIC collating sequence. It is not necessary to translate the records from EBCDIC to ASCII, unless you want the ability to display an erroneous record. The results of sorting the records without using a translation are the same. However, since, in the output procedure, any erroneous record is displayed, and since it appears as the ASCII equivalent of EBCDIC characters, the CODE-SET clause is required in the file description of EBCDICIN to translate the records into ASCII. In the first SORT statement, the collating sequence is specified as SORT-SEQ. The result of this is that the records of OUTFILE are arranged in such a way that all records containing alphabetic characters in their leftmost positions precede records containing nonalphabetic characters in corresponding positions. This is different from the standard ASCII collating sequence, since, in the standard sequence, all numerals and 55 other characters precede the letters of the alphabet name. SYMBOLIC CHARACTERS Clause The SYMBOLIC CHARACTERS clause is a feature of the 1985 ANSI COBOL standard. A symbolic character is a user-defined word that specifies a user-defined figurative constant. This feature is useful for unprintable characters. For example, a symbolic character can be used to produce audible output from the terminal. Syntax.Parameters. symbolic-character-1 name you choose to represent a user-defined figurative constant. The same symbolic-character-1 must appear only once in a SYMBOLIC CHARACTERS clause. integer-1 must be a positive integer in the range of 1 to 256. alphabet-name-2 must be an alphabet name specified in the ALPHABET clause. The following rules apply to the SYMBOLIC CHARACTERS clause: * The relationship between each symbolic-character-1 and the corresponding integer-1 is by position in the SYMBOLIC CHARACTERS clause. The first symbolic-character-1 is paired with the first integer-1, the second symbolic-character-1 is paired with the second integer-1, and so on. * There must be a one-to-one correspondence between occurrences of symbolic-character-1 and integer-1. * The ordinal position specified by integer-1 must exist in the ASCII character set. If the IN phrase is specified, integer-1 specifies the ordinal position of the character set named by alphabet-name-2. * If the IN phrase is not specified, symbolic-character-1 represents the character whose ordinal position in the ASCII character set is specified by integer-1. * The internal representation of symbolic-character-1 is the internal representation of the character that is represented in the ASCII character set. For example, the following SYMBOLIC CHARACTERS clause declares the words BELL, CARRIAGE-RETURN, and ESCAPE: SYMBOLIC CHARACTERS BELL IS 8, CARRIAGE-RETURN IS 14, ESCAPE IS 28. With the above declaration you can use the following DISPLAY statements. The first DISPLAY makes a sound on the terminal before displaying the message. The second displays the message in inverse video on certain terminals: DISPLAY BELL " JOB COMPLETED ". DISPLAY ESCAPE "&dB" "Enter a number: ". CLASS Clause The CLASS clause is a feature of the 1985 ANSI COBOL standard. The CLASS clause is used to create a user-defined class and provides a means for relating a name to the specified set of characters it lists. Syntax.Parameters. class-name-1 can only be referenced in a class condition. (Refer to Chapter 8 for more information about class conditions.) literal-4 and specify values that define the exclusive set of literal-5 characters contained in class-name-1. THROUGH and THRU equivalent. The following rules apply to the literal specified in the CLASS clause: * A numeric literal must be an unsigned integer and must have a value within the range of one through the maximum number of characters in the ASCII character set (256). * A nonnumeric literal that is associated with a THROUGH phrase must be one character in length. If a nonnumeric contains multiple characters, each character is included in class-name-1. * If the THROUGH phrase is specified, the contiguous characters in the ASCII character set beginning with literal-4 and ending with literal-5, are included in class-name-1. In addition, the contiguous characters specified by a given THROUGH phrase may specify the characters of the ASCII character set in either ascending or descending sequence. Example. SPECIAL-NAMES. CLASS VALID-GRADE IS "A" "B" "C" "D" "F". : WORKING-STORAGE. 01 GRADE-LIST. 05 CLASS-GRADES PIC X OCCURS 5 TIMES. : IF GRADE-LIST IS NOT VALID-GRADE THEN PERFORM ERROR-ROUTINE. CURRENCY SIGN IS Clause The CURRENCY SIGN IS clause is used to specify a literal whose value is later referenced in the PICTURE clause of the DATA DIVISION to denote a currency symbol. Syntax.Parameters. literal-6 a single character, chosen from a specific set. The literal cannot be any of the following characters: * The digits 0 through 9. * The letters A B C D P R S V X Z a b c d p r s v x z * A space _________________________________________________ NOTE ANSI COBOL'85 allows the letter L, but does not allow lowercase letters. _________________________________________________ * The special characters: * (asterisk) + (plus sign) - (minus sign) , (comma) . (period or decimal point) ; (semicolon) ( (left parentheses) ) (right parentheses) " (quotation mark) / (slash mark) = (equal sign) The literal must not be a figurative constant. Description. If the CURRENCY SIGN IS clause is omitted, the dollar sign ($) must be used as the currency symbol in the PICTURE clause. Example. To specify the percent sign (%) as the currency symbol, enter the following clause: CURRENCY SIGN IS "%" DECIMAL POINT IS COMMA Clause The DECIMAL POINT IS COMMA clause allows you to request the exchange of the function of the comma and decimal point (or period) in numeric literals or PICTURE-CLAUSE character strings. Syntax. [DECIMAL-POINT IS COMMA]. Description. This clause has some effect on pictures for edited data items. Refer to Chapter 7 , under "PICTURE-CLAUSE," for details. This clause also has an effect on the ACCEPT FREE verb. When entering data for the ACCEPT FREE verb, use a comma instead of a decimal point.
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